Philosophical Suicide

Introduction Philosophy can be defined as the desire to acquire wisdom and knowledge on life. It thus deals with a person’s intelligence on aspects of life that an individual has developed an interest in. Camus, for instance, developed an interest in understanding the human nature and how humans respond to the environment. This paper seeks to discuss the argument made by Camus over philosophical suicide. The paper will look into what Camus defined as psychological suicide with the aim of evaluating the decision that was made by Camus.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophical Suicide specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Philosophical Suicide The origin of Camus’ argument over philosophical suicide is based on the concept of nature being abstract and thus making it very hard for people to fully and clearly understand it. Camus had the views that it would be difficult, if not impossible to digest and understand the world in a reasonable way thus presenting a conflict in human beings who want to have a rational life. The inability of humans to develop an understanding of the world has also resulted in people’s internal conflict as expectations fall apart to what nature dictates upon people. He explained that absurdity is a result of questions that are asked in life following occurrences that are not understood. Such questions, owing to their lack of answers bring the awareness that nature is abstract. One of the thoughts that Camus laid down for his argument is the idea that once the abstract nature of the world is revealed to an individual, a person develops attitudes that are connected to the urge to die, bringing in elements of suicide among people (Sandres and Skoble 121). Available options The conflict that is created by the existence of absurdity of nature enlists reactions from individuals to try and understand nature for an appropriate response. According to Camus, there are just but a few available options that an individual has in the face of the abstract nature of the world. These options are â€Å"actual suicide, philosophical suicide and revolt† (Sandres and Skoble 122). The option of actual suicide involves the termination of an individual’s life in a bid to eliminate the problem experienced due to absurdity. The other available response to nature’s abstract condition is revolt against it. Revolt, however, has the effect of torturing an individual as well as being quite demanding. In revolt, a person will, for example, have to abandon weaknesses in order to be able to endure the effects that are caused by inability to understand or even react to nature. Philosophical suicide on the other hand involves an assumption of the complexity presented by nature. Under this response, a person isolates self from the existence of nature by suppressing knowledge towards nature. Philosophical suicide takes a safer ground that is not available in revolt under which a person still ends up being alienated in life like in the case of suicide (Sandres and Skoble 123).Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The abstract nature of the world poses problems that can only be solved through three ways. Suicide and revolt either technically or implicitly eliminates an individual from the world leaving philosophical suicide as the neutral and safer resort. Philosophical suicide is thus the comfort zone among the three options. A fair opinion will therefore concur with Camus that once in it a person cannot easily walk out of philosophical suicide. Work Cited Sandres, Steven and Skoble Aenon. The philosophy of TV noir. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2008. Print. This essay on Philosophical Suicide was written and submitted by user Amari Perez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Direct Supervision Jails essays

Direct Supervision Jails essays The Podular/Direct Supervision Concept 2 The Principals and Dynamics of New Generation Jail Management 4 Population Divided Into Controllable Groups 5 Maximum Supervision During Initial Hours of Confinement 9 Commandments of Direct Supervision Management 10 The term new generation jail refers to new or remodeled jails that are designed around a podular architectural design in conjunction with a direct supervision inmate management orientation. While jails of this style were first introduced in the Federal system nearly 20 years ago, it has only been in the past few years that the operational principles and dynamics have been documented and the concept has begun to gain acceptance in local jurisdictions. Several national professional correctional authorities have now endorsed the concept of a podular design with direct supervision. The American Correctional Association endorsed this approach in their publication entitled Design Guides for Secure Adult Correctional Facilities, published in November of 1983. The American Institute of Architectures Committee on Architecture for Justice appointed a subcommittee in 1983 to draft a position in favor of new generation jail concepts for adoption by the AIA. The National Institute of Corrections Advisory Board took a formal position on the podular design and direct supervision management concept at their November 21, 1983 meeting. The Advisory Board of the National Institute of Corrections advocates that jurisdictions that are contemplating the construction or renovation of jails and prisons should explore the appropriateness of the podular direct supervision (new generation) concept of jail and prison design and management for their new facilities. The NIC Advisory Board believes that the economic, social, and professional values explicit in the concept of jail and prison design and management exemplify an appropriate direction for detention of persons ...

Things Fall Apart Study Guide and Discussion Questions

'Things Fall Apart' Study Guide and Discussion Questions Things Fall Apart is a famous novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. Its considered an important work in world literature, albeit a controversial one. The book has been banned in some places for its negative portrayal  of European colonialism. The book is split into three parts showing the reader the negative effects of colonization on the main characters tribe. It also shows how Christian missionaries work to convert the African population helped to forever alter their culture. The book was written in 1958 and became one of the first books from Africa to become world renowned. It is seen as an archetype for the modern African novel. This is a recommended book to read in a book club because of the depth of the work. Plot Summary Protagonist Okonkwo becomes a successful farmer and earns titles and respect in his community, even though his father, Unoka, was seen as lazy, making him a disrespected laughingstock. His father is a source of shame for Okonkwo, whos strived to be everything his father has not. Hes domineering over his family as a result, and his overarching desire to always seem manly leads to his downfall. He takes in a ward, given to him to care for as a peace offering to avoid war with the neighboring Mbaino community. An oracle says the boy must be killed, but Okonkwo is advised not to do it. He does it anyway. But its after the accidental killing of a leader in his community that he and his family are exiled for seven years. When they return, they find that much has changed in their community because of white missionaries coming to town. Theyve set up a prison, a European-style court of law, a church, school, and hospital. Okonkwo doesnt understand why the people havent revolted against these oppressors. Then, the benevolent Mr. Brown is replaced by a strict reverend who isnt interested in the peoples existing culture. Violence eventually ensues, and the local leaders are eventually taken down by the colonizers. Okonkwo cannot cope and ends his own life. Main Characters These are the main characters in the novel: Okonkwo: protagonist whose fatal flaw is his inability to adapt to change and his reverence for needing to appear tough and manlyIkemefuna: clever, resourceful boy, ward of Okonkwo, whom he kills to not appear weak; given to Okonkwo to avoid warNwoye: son of Okonkwo, who becomes a Christian, a sensitive boyEzinma: daughter of Okonkwo, bold, her fathers favorite; the only surviving child of EkwefiEkwefi: Okonkwos second wifeUnoka: Okonkwos father, whom Okonkwo strives to be the opposite of; Unoka is lazy and enjoys music and conversation; is gentle, cowardly, and not ambitious; thus, he doesnt have the respect of the townsfolk.Obierika: best friend of OkonkwoOgbuefi Ezeudu: the elder of UmuofiaMr. Brown: missionary to Umuofia and Mbanta; patient, kind, respectful, open-minded person who builds a school and hospital in Umofia and encourages people to become literate to keep up with the rest of the world; represents colonizationthe Rev. James Smith: missionary who contrasts with Mr. Bro wn in that Smith is strict and doesnt compromise; has no interest in the native peoples culture; also represents colonization Major Themes In addition to the themes of the effect of colonization on African society and how cultures clash, there are personal themes as well. Readers can also examine how peoples character leads to their outcomes, such as in the case of how adaptable they are to change or inflexible (character is destiny). An examination of the book can look at human emotions and find commonalities and universals (people are people). The destiny theme can also be examined on a societal level. Achebe illustrates the complexity of the Igbo society and how it functions- unlike the authoritarian encroachers- without a strong central government. Is it destiny for the people to have been conquered, then? You can also examine how the community and people interact to find balance and function as a society. Historical Impact Things Fall Apart has become one of the most important books in African literature, as it was among the first major works to bring the African perspective to a worldwide audience and launched the continents modern literature. It even made Western anthropologists realize theyd been getting the story wrong and led them to a reexamine their methods and scholarship on Africas history and peoples. Though controversial to write a novel in the colonizers language, the book was able to reach more people that way, and Achebe was able to work untranslatable Ibo words into the telling so that people would be able to understand them through context as they read, rather than have a translator not achieve adequate subtleties of meaning. The book awakened pride in history and community for people in Africa and led them to realize that they could tell their own stories and that they were valid. Discussion Questions What is important about the title: Things Fall Apart? Is there a reference in the novel that explains the title?What are the conflicts in Things Fall Apart? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) are present?How does Chinua Achebe reveal character in Things Fall Apart?How do the storys themes relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in Things Fall Apart? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Are the characters consistent in their actions? Are they fully developed characters? Are some characters more fully developed than others? How? Why?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?  Do you think the novel is meant to be political? What point was the author trying to make? Did he succeed?Why is the novel so controversial? Do you think the book should be censored or banned? Should it be taught in schools ? How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What is the role of family and community in this novel? How does it change with the arrival of Europeans? How does it change when the missionaries arrive?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why? What point do you think the author was making with the conclusion of the novel? Does your perspective change knowing there is a sequel?Would you recommend this novel to a friend?How is religion portrayed in this novel? Do you think the Christian missionaries had a positive or negative impact on the characters?Whats important about the time period the novel is set in?Why do you think the authors decision to write the novel in English  rather than his native language caused controversy?What point is the author trying to make about the African identity? What problems  does the author outline? Does he offer solutions?

Faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Faith - Essay Example I have approaches few people that have products, discussed my plans with them, and I would be an agent and offer strategy and agreement between the product owners and the people that I direct to the websites. Commercial transactions would then follow and commission would be my income. Identifying and convincing product owners into the idea have been a challenge but I believe the idea will be successful because God has assured us of success. God’s words to Israelites that the Lord â€Å"gives you the ability to produce wealth† (Deuteronomy 8:18, p. 1) and that â€Å"thou mayest prosper and be in health† (3 John 1:12, p. 1) are the scriptures on which I stand. Failure to find product owners who liked my ideas and wanted to work with it and the fact that I have not yet implemented the ideas challenges my faith in God’s words and power but the scriptures strengthens me. I therefore believe that I shall overcome and attain my financial

Hurrican Katrinia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hurrican Katrinia - Essay Example aled to both the contractors who designed and built the wall as well as the Army Corps Engineers the nature of the weak layer of soft soil that made the base of the floodwall’s steel piling foundation. In addition, the primary design for the steel sheet foundation for the walls indicated a suggested depth of 10 feet having the calculations made with wall base at 12.8 feet. Furthermore, a New Orleans engineer claimed that the depth was later on increased to a depth of up to 17 feet. Nonetheless, although the corps maintained their claim that the wall depth was 17 feet, investigations carried out by a forensic engineering group from Louisiana State University by use of sonar revealed that the piling sheets were 10 feet (Shrum, 2014). Also, investigations of the constructions on the Industrial Canal and London Avenue levees showed that they were below the stated standards. Other reports indicated that homeowners along the 17th Street Canal close to where the site of breach appear ed had previously reported about a constant leakage from the canal that flooded their yards a year before the Hurricane Katrina. Therefore, aside from the fact that the storm heave formed remarkable subterranean pressures under the floodwalls making the soil under the sheet weaker structural problems in the walls played a role as well (Shrum, 2014). Poor levee maintenance was another underlying factor, whereby, investigations suggest that a probable trigger of the breach on the 17th Street Canal levee may be due to a fallen large oak tree planted rather too close to the levee base. In addition, on the London Avenue Canal, burrowing animals had formed enormous through-ways that undermined the already weakened foundations. Therefore, the local levee boards responsible for maintaining had not done their work as they should have. In addition, the destruction of cypress trees and various vegetations that had previously grew in the brackish waters in the intersection between the Gulf of Mexico

Summary, conclusions and recommendations Essay Example for Free

Summary, conclusions and recommendations Essay This chapter presents a brief summary of the study, the salient findings based on the data gathered, the corresponding conclusions drawn and the recommendations offered. FINDINGS The present inquiry revealed the following FINDINGS: 1. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination if the Beloved novel is real or fiction when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is accepted. 2. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination if slave life is harsh in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest. Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is accepted. 3. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination on how Sethe felt about her motherly suffering in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is accepted. 4. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is accepted. 5. There is a significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of the right of women slaves to love when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is rejected. 6. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the right of slave mothers right to own children when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is accepted. 7. There are more respondents belonging to the 15- 25 age level. 8. There are more respondents belonging to the Female Gender. 9. There are more respondents belonging to the High School Highest Educational Attainment level. 10. There are similarities between slavery and Feminism. Feminism also includes motherhood. For Sethe was both a female and a mother of four. 11. There are differences between slavery and Feminism. To reiterate, Feminism also includes motherhood. CONCLUSIONS: The present inquiry arrived at the following CONCLUSIONS: 1. There are more respondents belonging to the 15- 25 age level. 2. There are more respondents belonging to the Female Gender. 3. There are more respondents belonging to the High School Highest Educational Attainment level. 4. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms reality of the Beloved novel. 5. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the reality of the Beloved novel. 6. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms highest Educational Attainment in the Beloved Novel. 7. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the levels in terms harshness of slave life in the Beloved novel. 8. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the harshness of slave life in the Beloved novel. 9. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms harshness of slave life in the Beloved Novel. 10. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of how Sethe felt about her motherly suffering in the Beloved novel. 11. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of how Sethe feels about her motherly suffering in the Beloved Novel. 12. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms harshness of slave life in the Beloved Novel. 13. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the reality of Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom in the Beloved novel. 14. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of Mother Baby Snugg’s Freedom reality in the Beloved Novel. 15. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms the reality of Mother Baby Snugg’s freedom reality in the Beloved Novel. 16. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the different levels in terms of the right of woman slaves to love in the Beloved novel. 17. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the right of women slaves to fall in love in the Beloved Novel. 18. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms the right of woman slaves to love in the Beloved Novel. 19. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the right of slave mothers to own their children in the Beloved novel. 20. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms slave mothers’ right to own their children in the Beloved Novel. 21. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms the right of slave mothers to own their children. To end, Marther Cutter poignantly states â€Å"Beloved (1987) marks the height of Morrisons achievement, for it is a narrative that resists closure in numerous ways. I have found that for this reason teaching Beloved is always a new experienceno class reacts to it the same way, as it generates multiple ambiguities that cannot easily be sutured over† . RECOMMENDATIONS: The researcher recommends that further research be done on the following areas: 1. Effect of Beloved’s literary overtures to the lives of current African Americans. 2. Effect of Morrison’s literary works on current African American lives. Works Cited Bidney, Martin. Creating a Feminist-Communitarian Romanticism in Beloved: Toni Morrisons New Uses for Blake, Keats, and Wordsworth. Papers on Language Literature 36. 3 (2000): 271. Blues, Love and Politics: When Toni Morrison and Cornel West Get Together, What Do They Talk about? Answer Everything from Baldwin to Beloved to Mel Gibson. The Nation 24 May 2004: 18. Bogartz, Richard S.An Introduction to the Analysis of Variance. Westport, CT: Praeger Publis.

Science in Not Going Too Far Essay -- Scientific Argumentative Persuas

When asked the question of whether or not scientific knowledge should be boundless, I can't help, but to wonder why it wouldn't be. Everything that I can think of that has to do with science such as coming up with cures for diseases, being able to re-create a human being and its parts. Being able to choose whether or not your child will be a boy or a girl, have blonde or brown hair or blue eyes or green eyes is, as far as I'm concerned, extremely beneficial. I don't see anything wrong with cloning either. What's the big deal anyway, it's not like you are going to have a bunch of look-a-likes running around. It is going to cost way too much money to get someone or something cloned. I have to throw in an argument from the other side and Mary Shelly said it in her novel, Frankenstein, "If the study to which you apply yourself has a tendency to weaken your affections, and to destroy your taste for those simple pleasures in which no alloy can possibly mix, then that study is certainly unlawful, that is to say, not befitting the human mind." (233) How could she say the study doesn't benefit the mind? We've always said that we learn from our mistakes haven't we? If the wrong person should somehow receive or get a hold of the technology and scientific methods to cloning, then it could definitely be a dangerous thing not benefiting. They could somehow regenerate all of the world's most evil creatures if he or she wanted a world of anarchy. They could single handedly become ruler of the earth. Of course, it would take a long time for those clones to grow up and become adults capable of creating such putrid crime. But, until then I think that all cloning is doing is making us more aware of how the human body works and that is only go... ... I think life is full of trading. You have to give up some things before you can learn more. So, all those animals and things that we test on are very respectable things to me. Science is the only reason that I am here today as a matter of fact. I actually died and then they had to do a C-Section in order for me to live. The only reason they were able to keep me alive is because through scientific experimentation they were able to learn and save more people. So science is all around us, we just don't notice it so don't hold it back. Works Cited Bishop, J. Michael. "Enemies of Promise." The Presence of Others. Editors Andrea A. Lunnsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York. Bedford St. Martin's, 2000, 237-242. Shelly, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others. Editors Andrea A. Lunnsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York. Bedford St. Martin's, 2000, 233.

Premartial Sex

This paper will include my research on premarital sex. For many years, premarital sex has been seen as a type of deviant behavior; but like many other concepts, deviant behavior can be define in many ways. This research will include a clear definition of deviant behavior and its relationship with premarital sex. Deviant Behavior Defined According to the Sociology Index, deviance is nonconformity to social norms. However, often deviance is simply conformity to the norms or standards of a subgroup or subculture rather than those of the dominant culture.Deviance is not inherent in any behavior or attitude but rather is a result of human interaction in particular normative situations. Deviant behavior usually evokes formal and informal punishment, restrictions, or other controls of society. These formal and informal controls constrain most people to conform to social norms. Despite the social sanctioning and controlling, however, we sometimes observe deviant behavior around us, with prem arital sex being one. (Sociology Index).What is Premarital Sex? Premarital sex is often referred to as fornication, meaning voluntary sexual intercourse between two unmarried persons or two persons not married to each other; according the Webster dictionary. Fornication can also be found in the bible and is considered a major sin. Premarital Sex in America â€Å"Almost all Americans have sex before marrying, according to premarital sex research that shows such behavior is the norm in the U. S. and has been for the past 50 years.The new study shows that by age 20, 75% of Americans have had premarital sex. That number rises to 95% by age 44. Even among those who abstained from sex until 20 or beyond, 81% have had premarital sex by 44, the survey shows. Researchers say the findings question the feasibility of federally funded abstinence-only education programs. â€Å"Premarital sex is normal behavior for the vast majority of Americans, and has been for decades,† says researcher Lawrence Finer, director of domestic research at the Guttmacher Institute, in a news release. The data clearly show that the majority of older teens and adults have already had sex before marriage, which calls into question the federal government's funding of abstinence-only-until-marriage programs for 12–29-year-olds. â€Å"It would be more effective to provide young people with the skills and information they need to be safe once they become sexually active which nearly everyone eventually will,† says Finer.In the study, published in Public Health Reports, researchers analyzed data from four cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth from 1982 to 2002, which included information on sexual and marital behaviors. The results showed that the vast majority of Americans have sex before marrying. For example, the 2002 survey showed: By age 20, 77% of men and women had had sex, including 75% who had had premarital sex. By age 44, 95% of men and women had had premarital sex; 97% of those who had ever had sex had had premarital sex.Among those who had abstained from sex until at least age 20, 81% had had premarital sex by age 44. Despite public opinion that premarital sex is much more common now than in the past, researchers say the number of Americans having premarital sex has not changed much since the 1940s. Among women who turned 15 between 1964 and 1993, 91% had had premarital sex before age 30, compared with 82% of women who turned 15 between 1954 and 1963. In addition, nearly nine out of 10 women who turned 15 between 1954 and 1963 had had unmarried sex by age 44.Researchers say that though the likelihood that Americans will have sex before marriage hasn't changed significantly since the 1950s, people are now waiting longer to get married. So they are sexually active and unmarried for longer than in the past (WebMD). † In Janet Smith’s article about Premarital Sex, she states; â€Å"The evidence is overwhelming that children ra ised in households headed by a single parent are much more prone to sexual abuse, drug abuse, crime, and divorce, for instance.Their health is poorer; their academic achievement is poorer; their economic well-being is less than that of children who are raised in two-parent households. In every way, children raised in single parent households seem to have a few strikes against them as they forge their way through life. (I do not want to suggest, of course, that all children raised in single parenthood households are doomed. I simply want to report that Catholic Church teaching, the teaching of most religions, sociological research, and perhaps common sense are at one in recognizing that children fare better when raised in a household with two parents. The number of single-parenthood households has risen dramatically, due, of course, largely to unwed pregnancy and divorce† ( Catholic Education Resource Center). Also stated in this article by Janet Smith, â€Å"The dimensions of the problem of unwed pregnancy are very serious, indeed. In the early nineteen sixties, some 3% of white babies were born out of wedlock, some 22% of black babies and as a whole, 6% of the babies born in the United States were born to unwed parents.Now some 22% of white babies, 68% of black babies and as an aggregate in the United States some 31% of babies are born to unwed parents. One out of four to one out of three pregnancies in the United States are ended through abortion, the vast majority performed on unmarried women. Nearly every one of these births and abortions represent a failed relationship, a relationship that was not committed to the caring for any children that may be conceived through the relationship† ( Catholic Education Resource Center).

Human Existence Essay

1. The origins of the majority of human existence in North America began with migrations from Eurasia over the Bering Strait. 2. The first truly complex society in the Americas was that of the Olmec. 3. Cahokia was a large trading center located near what present-day city? St. Louis. 4. The agricultural practices of pre-Columbian tribes in the Northeast were characterized by a rapid exploitation of the land. 5. The preeminent European maritime power in the fifteenth century was Portugal. 6. Christopher Columbus  thought the world was much smaller than it was in reality. 7. Amerigo Vespucci  helped popularize the idea that the Americas were new continents. 8. What European explorer gave the Pacific Ocean its name? Ferdinand Magellan 9. Encomienda was  the right to exact tribute and labor from natives. 10. The first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States was St. Augustine. 11. In what way did sixteenth-century Europeans benefit from trade between the Americas and Europe? A large number of new crops became available in Europe. 12. Which of the following was NOT introduced by Europeans to the New World?  Corn. 13. The portion of west Africa that provided the majority of slaves for the Spanish Empire of the sixteenth century had well-developed economies and political systems. 14. African and American Indian societies tended to be matrilineal, which means that people traced their heredity through their mothers. 15. In the fifteenth century, slavery in Africa  generally allowed certain legal protections to the enslaved. 16. The European countries that controlled the African slave trade did so in which chronological order, from earliest to latest? the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English 17. What condition in England in the sixteenth century provided an incentive for colonization? The availability of farmland was declining, while the population was growing. 18. In what way were Martin Luther and John Calvin important to English Puritans? Luther and Calvin advocated ideas of religious reform that influenced Puritan thought. 19. The teachings of John Calvin  produced a strong desire among his followers to lead lives that were virtuous. 20. The English Reformation resulted from  a political dispute between King Henry VIII and the Catholic Church. 21. The English concluded from their colonial experiences in Ireland that English colonists should maintain a rigid separation from the indigenous population.

Dye Laser Essay Example

Dye Laser Essay Example Dye Laser Essay Dye Laser Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Dye Laser Introduction A Dye laser can be described as a laser that uses an organic dye as the lasing medium. There are four main categories of lasers, which are solid, liquid, gases, and semi-conductor lasers (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). However, the dye lasers belong to the category of liquid lasers that use the organic dye as a lasing medium. They are mainly used for medical applications in hospitals. The dye lasers are also applicable in the communication technology and many spectroscopic applications (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). They are used for the purposes of treating patients with various ailments and diagnostics. They are regarded as the most versatile and successful lasers in the world today in the field of biology, chemistry and physics (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). The operations, design considerations and the practical use of the dye laser are easy to identify and explain. Operation The solutions used in the laser dyes contain organic molecules that produce fluorescent beams. When the incoming source of light is exposed to the organic molecules, the dye becomes ready to emit stimulated radiation (Rosin, 2002). At this point, the dye emits light inform of fluorescent light and within a microsecond, the organic molecules will change to their triple state. In this case, they become phosphorescence and the molecules absorb the lasing wavelength, making the dye opaque. Flash pumps laser need short durations to deliver the large amounts of energy necessary to transport the dye past the threshold before triplet absorption overcomes singlet emission (Rosin, 2002). In this case, the dye solutions should be circulated at a high speed with low input energy to avoid this triplet absorption or degradation of the solution. It should be noted that the dyes have a high capacity of being under the influence of light. Therefore, the dye operates in a large reservoir making it possible to store it for longer times (Rosin, 2002). When the beam is passed through the liquid, it only needs to pass to a few passes through the liquid to reach full power resulting to high transmittance of the output coupler. On the other hand, the high gain in energy leads to high loses due to the dye cell walls and flash pumps reflectors (Rosin, 2002). For this reason, the pump cavities are made from materials that are not reflective at the lasing wavelength while reflecting the pump wavelength. To increase this, the beam performs all its work at maximum wavelength. Design Considerations Lasers dyes have a unique design for the purposes of performing efficiently. As opposed to the other dyes, they use liquid solutions as their medium making it complicated and at the same time, making them the most effective lasers. A dye laser consists of an organic dye, which is mixed with a solvent to make the liquid. This liquid is then circulated through a dye cell. On the other hand, it can be streamed in the open air using the dye jet. After this, a high source of light with a lot of energy is needed to pump the liquid beyond the last threshold (Rosin, 2002). Mirrors are required to oscillate the light produced by the dyes fluorescence with each transitory through the liquid. The organic solution is circulated at high speeds to avoid triplet absorption and decrease degradation of the organic solution. Because the dye solution can fit in any shape, it is designed to fit in many ways. For instance, fabry-perot laser is designed to fit for flash pump lasers. They consist of two mirrors that are mounted together with the laser placed between them. The solution is usually pumped with one or more flash pumps running parallel to the dye cell in a reflector cavity. This cavity is usually water cooled to prevent the shock produced from the radiation produced by the flash pumps. In this case, the laser dyes are ready to be used for the different purposes that it is meant for. On the other hand, there is a ring laser design that is chosen particularly for the continuous operations. In this case, the mirrors are arranged to allow the beam to move in a circular motion at all times thus making it continuous. In this case, the dye cell is small, to some extent, a dye jet is usually used to avoid reflection loses in the laser dye. Similar to the fabry-perot, the solution is run at extremely high speeds to avoid absorption or degradation. Additionally, it avoids absorption form the cutting of the beams. In contrast to the fabry-perot, standing waves are not generated hence there is no spatial hole burning. Practical Uses I. Industrial Uses The laser dyes have been practically made for industrial uses. In the industries, the laser dyes are practically used to separate the isotopes of radioactive elements like uranium. Uranium is commonly used for fueling nuclear powers to generate electricity. Many industries that use nuclear power use dye laser to separate uranium from its primary form so that they can be able to use it for electricity in the company (Tilley 77). This has been an excellent discovery in the industrial world because the other lasers could not perform their work efficiently. Therefore, the dyes lasers are extremely effective and as seen uranium cannot be easily separated from its primary form with the use of other lasers. II. Medical Uses In the medical field, the laser dyes have a variety of practical uses. One of them is the laser treatment of port wine stains. The port wine stains are formations of dilated blood capillaries in the skin (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). This causes the blood vessel to swell causing reddish marks in the skins. Hence, they are referred to as the port bloodstains. Port wine stains can occur in any part of the body, but in most cases, they occur on the face of a person (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). Additionally, port wine stains can infect anybody. It does not matter the age, gender or culture that a person hails from. In this case, the laser dyes are used to remove these stains from the skin. What really happens is, a beam of 1 centimeter in diameter is directed towards the areas of the skin where there are port wine stains. When the beam is pointed directly to the stain, the beam reduces the swollen capillaries thus cleaning the stain. It is worth noting that the strength of the beam in the laser dyes to be used on a patient varies a lot (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). The strength of the beam that is used on a child is not the same strength that is going to be used on an adult or an elderly person. On the other hand, the strength of the beam that is used on the face is not the same strength that it is used on the leg or the hand. This is because it can be harmful to the health of a person. When the lasers dyes have been used to treat the skin of a person, there are no side effects like skin texture. The other practical use in the medical field is the treatment known as lithotripsy. Lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses chock waves to break stones that form in the gallbladder, bladder and kidney. This stones are only restricted to these regions only. The disease can infect anybody it does not matter the age, gender or race. This procedure is only used as a complementary treatment procedure. In this case, near the stones there is plasma that surrounds it. When this plasma is heated, it explodes causing shock waves. These shock waves destroy the stones and break them into small pieces that can go through the bladder. Therefore, the laser dyes are used to heat the plasma directly. The beam of the laser is directed towards the plasma that is near the stones for the purposes of heating (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). After heating the plasma, it reaches a certain point then it explodes. When it explodes, it produces certain shock waves that cause the stones to break down into pieces. These small pieces can now pass through the bladder easily. It is worth noting that in the different lithotripsy procedures, it requires different wavelengths and strengths. If the stones to be treated are large, wavelengths of high energy are used while if the stones are small, small wavelengths of small energy are used. Additionally, the wavelengths that can be used in the kidney are different from those wavelengths that can be used in the gallbladder. However, there are situations when there is tissue damage near the region where the treatment is being done. It should be noted that sometimes there are no tissue damage. The other practical application of the laser dyes in the medical field is the treatment of plaque. This is when the arteries are narrowed or blocked by deposits known as plaques (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). These deposits include the fats and the cholesterol that builds up in the inside walls of the arteries. This medical condition can be referred to as atherosclerosis (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). In order to treat this disease a procedure known as angioplasty is used. There are many options of treating this, which include balloon angioplasty and laser angioplasty. In laser angioplasty, the laser is passed through the different fibers where the plaque is located. In this case, radiation waves are used to displace the plaque from the arteries so that they can be able to function normally. In these procedures, the amount of wavelength depends on the age and gender of the person (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). Additionally, it depends on the amount of the plaque. If the amount of plaque is high, the radiation to be used is high. In this case, it is crucial for doctors to be extremely cautions where using laser angioplasty (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). There are several advantages of practically using the laser dyes in this procedure as compared to the other methods. The other methods require a major surgery to be done on a person as compared to laser angioplasty (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). In this case, the patient might develop complications on the major surgery, as opposed to the laser angioplasty. Secondly, when using the other procedures the arteries tend to open up at once and sometime they exceed the level in which they are expected (Bockus and Scofield 97). This might be harmful to the patient instead of treating him (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). On the other hand, when using the laser the arteries open slowly at their own pace causing no harm to the patient and reducing the chances of exceeding the required size. The last medical use of the laser treatment is treating vascular abnormalities. Most of the time people have abnormalities in the blood vessels. For this reason, the laser dyes have been a breakthrough towards the treatment of these abnormalities. In this case, it has been discovered that the destruction of selective blood vessels in the body can cure the abnormalities (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). This is where the laser dye is used with controlled wavelength and strength to destroy the selected blood vessels. The advantages of using this procedure as compared to the other are that it reduces the unnecessary risks. III. Communication Uses The practical uses of the laser dyes were a significant break through in the field of communication. As the term laser suggests it is to amplify, the scholars and inventor created ideas of amplifying in the field of communications. The first practical use is in the radios. This idea was first coined in by Albert Einstein, when he brought the idea of amplifying communication microwaves. In this case, there was an introduction of laser dyes in the radio communication system to make the wavelengths stronger allowing people to have better clarity when they are listening to the radios (Bamfield 33). Another practical use in the field of communication is the fiber optics. Due to the change in technology, many companies have resulted to using fiber as opposed to the past where they were using copper wires. It was not that the copper wires were not effective, but they were destroyed easily. This resulted to the introduction of the fiber optics (Duarte 22). In fiber optics, there are those wavelengths that are required to move to long distances. In this case, the laser dyes are used since they are much more effective and easier to use. Another practical usage is in the field of communication is digital communication. Telecommunications have changed to the traditional use of analogue to the modern use of digital communications. In order to transport wavelengths in the digital communications, it requires something that is faster and stronger to be effective (Pavlopoulos 84). In this case, the digital wavelengths use laser dyes to transport the wavelengths since they are much more effective and convenient in this field of communication. Conclusion Dye lasers can be described as those lasers that use organic dye solution. Laser dyes use liquid solution as the main medium. The word laser meant to amplify. When the lasers are designed, they can be in any shape because the liquid solution can be molded into any shape. In this case, the designs vary from to another depending on the usage. The basic operations of the laser dyes depend on the amount of wavelength. Additionally, the operations depend on how the beam is strengthened or reduce while using the laser dyes. The laser dyes have been a great invention to the world of physics chemistry and biology due to their practical uses. Therefore, the lasers dyes are here to stay with promising invention with new practical uses. Bamfield, P. Chromic Phenomena: Technological Applications of Colour Chemistry. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001. Internet resource. Bockus, LB, and RH Scofield. â€Å"Phosphoprotein Detection on Protein Electroblot Using a Phosphate-Specific Fluorophore.† Methods in Molecular Biology (clifton, N.j.). 536 (2009): 385-93. Print. Duarte, F J. Tunable Laser Optics. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2003. Internet resource. Pavlopoulos, Theodore G, P T. Landsberg, and A J. Kenyon. Scaling of Dye Lasers with Improved Laser Dyes. Tarrytown, N.Y: Elsevier Science, 2004. Internet resource. Rosin, Glenn. Lesser Technology: Changing the Way of Life, Forging New Opportunities. OSA-Foundation.org. 2002. Web. February 16, 2012. Shankarling, G. S and Jarang, K. J. Laser Dyes. Resonance. February 16, 2012.Web. February 16, 2012. Tilley, R J. D. Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials: An Exploration of the Relationship between Light, the Optical Properties of Materials and Colour. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2011. Print.

The History of Swimming Pools

The History of Swimming Pools Swimming pools, at least man-made watering holes for bathing and swimming, go back at least as far as 2600 B.C.E. The first elaborate construction are probably The Great Baths of Mohenjodaro, an ancient and elaborate bathing site in Pakistan made from bricks and covered in plaster, with terraced decks that wouldn’t look out of place in a modern pool landscape. Mohenjodaro probably wasn’t used for general lap swimming, however. Scholars believe it was used in religious ceremonies. Ancient Pools More man-made pools surfaced throughout the ancient world. In Rome and Greece, swimming was part of the education of elementary age boys and the Romans built the first swimming pools (separate from bathing pools). The first heated swimming pool was built by Gaius Maecenas of Rome in the first century BC. Gaius Maecenas was a rich Roman lord and considered one of the first patrons of arts- he supported the famous poets Horace, Virgil, and Propertius, making it possible for them to live and write without fear of poverty. Growth in Popularity However, swimming pools did not become popular until the middle of the 19th century. By 1837, six indoor pools with diving boards were built in London, England. After the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 and swimming races were among the original events, the popularity of swimming pools began to spread According to the book Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming in America, the Cabot Street Bath in Boston was the first swimming pool in the U.S.  It opened in 1868 and served a neighborhood where most of the homes did not have baths. In the 20th century, a number of leaps in science and technology took swimming pools to a new level. Among the developments, chlorination and filtration systems that delivered clean water into the pool. Prior to these developments, the only way to clean a pool was to remove and replace all the water. Technological Advancements In the U.S. the pool business expanded with the invention of gunite, a material that allowed faster installation, more flexible designs, and lower costs than previous methods. The post-war rise of the middle-case, coupled with the relative affordability of pools accelerated pool proliferation even further. There were even less expensive options than gunite. In 1947, above ground pool kits hit the market, creating an entirely new pool experience. It wasn’t long before single unit pools would be sold and installed in a single day.

FDA Approval Procedure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FDA Approval Procedure - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that pre-clinical studies must showcase that the medication will not induce chromosomal damage when consumed in potentially effective doses. The results are filed to the FDA together with the IND (Investigational New Drug) application. Apart from the pre-clinical studies report, the IND application contains the information on pharmacologic properties, the proposal for clinical investigations, and clarification of safety measures for prospective volunteers.This essay discusses that after a drug has survived all the trials, an NDA (New Drug Application) is forwarded to the FDA. According to the 1992 Prescription Drug User Fee Act, standard applications are to be reviewed within the 12-month timeframe. Results on priority applications are usually released within six months. Sometimes, FDA may request to provide minor corrections or labeling adjustments. As soon as the product receives the FDA approval, it is allowed for sail. In case of rejection, the FDA pre sents the reasoning together with a list of recommendations. Certain approvals are given under the condition that further research must be conducted shortly after the initial marketing. For instance, the manufacturer may be requested to assess risks in patients with specific illnesses or to examine the long-term effects.  To conclude, drug approval is a lengthy and costly process that is strictly regulated by the FDA.