Essay on Legalizing Drugs - 1373 Words

Drugs- something and often an illegal substance that causes addiction, habituation, or a marked change in consciousness. - Merriam-Webster Dictionary Just close your eyes for a minute and picture what the world would be like if drugs were legal. Would you be for it or against it? Just think, you could get drugs anywhere you wanted. You would not have to worry about getting in trouble with the law. You could get as many as you wanted and have a supply and variety of whatever you wished for. Would this be a good thing or a bad thing? The three sources: Traffic, Legalizing Drugs Make Matters Worse, and Legalization Madness all has the same thing in common. They all lean to the side that drugs are a†¦show more content†¦Before people would buy the drugs not knowing for sure what exactly they were getting. Now they would be guaranteed quality. They also wouldnt have to go out searching for someone who has drugs or someone who knows how that person could get some. People would no longer have to sneak around trying to get their drugs. Lastly, people would increase the amount of drugs they intake because they will be cheaper. Their bodies will get used to the dosage that they are taking and have to take more to have the same effect. Since it will be cheaper it will just be an excuse to do it more often (Wilson 1). If we were to legalize drugs the number of users would increase dramatically (Wilson 1). According to Incardi and Saum, one of the biggest reasons for not using drugs is due to the fact that they are illegal. By making drugs legal it would entice people to go out and try them, which would make it more likely that they would become addicted (81). Wilson states that crime rates have fallen in this country and if we want them to rise up again the way we can do that is by legalizing drugs. If we reduce drugs among criminals it would help the crime rates instead of just letting them have all the supplies they wanted (3). It doesnt matter if it is the hard drugs or the soft drugs. You can become addicted to any drug and the users dont stop at the soft drugs but keep moving up to the hard stuff. Marijuana only increases the likeliness thatShow MoreRelated Legalizing Drugs Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesLegalizing Drugs Drug legalization is an enduring question that presently faces our scholars. This issue embraces two positions: drugs should not be legalized and drugs should be legalized. These two positions contain an array of angles that supports each issue. This brief of the issues enables one to consider the strengths and weakness of each argument, become aware of the grounds of disagreement and agreement and ultimately form an opinion based upon the positions stated within the articlesRead MoreLegalizing Drug Use2273 Words   |  10 Pagesphilosophers is because they all agree with some aspects of my writing, while disagreeing with others. One will disagree with the role of the state and the citizens, but agree with legalizing recreational drug use, while the other two will agree with the role of the state and citizens, but disagree with legalizing drug use. Karl Marx is the philosopher who would disagree with many of the arguments that I presented above. The reason why Marx would disagree with so many of my arguments is becauseRead MoreLegalizing Drugs And The United States Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing drugs in the United States would lead to great trouble for the country affecting all citizens. Legalizing drugs will cause chaos among Americans. Edmund Harnett a deputy chief and executive officer wrote an article, â€Å"Drug legalization: why it wouldn’t work in the United States.† Harnett is also involved in the narcotics division of the New York police department. William J. Bennett the director of the national drug control policy wrote a heavy article, â€Å"Drug Policy and the IntellectualsRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Drugs or Joining the Drug Addict Circle?552 Words   |  3 PagesOver the years, drug abuse has been a rising problem in almost every country in the world. Day by day more people are invo lved in this endless cycle of drug craving, money shortage, and drug related crimes. Congressmen and politicians of United States, seeing this unstoppable crime wave which is about to spread throughout the country, begin to address various kinds of possible solutions to end this crisis in the most efficient and effective way. As discussed in Alan M. Dershowitzs The Case forRead MoreThe Effects of Legalizing Drugs Essay2011 Words   |  9 Pages(Preventable Causes of Death). And if drug-related crime and deaths were not enough for society, Marijuana is now legal in Colorado and Washington--which has already created new substance-related problems. Just the fact of legalizing it confuses teens into thinking that it’s not risky anymore, thus promoting adolescent use. Legal or not, the addictive nature of pot has always been the most influential gateway substance to either alcohol, tobacco, or hard drugs. This means that Marijuana is almostRead MoreLegalizing Drugs754 Words   |  4 Pages Legalizing illicit drugs Legalizing drugs? Sounds crazy, but this has been an endless war in the world. It has created overcrowding in prison, violent drug wars and thousands of dollars is spent on it every year just to control something that’s unstoppable. This paper argues that legalizing drugs would not only save money, but get rid of overcrowding in prisons and put an end to a drug war. By legalizing illicit drugs we’re basically unclogging the court system CanadianHarmreducation.com (2003)Read More Legalizing Recreational Drugs Within the United States Essay4029 Words   |  17 Pagesrecreational drug is defined as any controlled substance used to alter ones mind state or for non-medical purposes, without the permission or supervision of a physician (Recreational Drug). Recreational drugs include both illegal and legal substances, some of which are extremely prevalent in the United States. The most popular recreational drug in the world is caffeine. Nearly, 80 - 90% of adult Americans consume caffeine every day (Caffeine addiction). Other popular recreational drugs include nicotineRead MoreLegalizing All Drugs Should Solve A Lot Of Our Country s Problem1585 Words   |  7 Pagesthis country on how to properly deal with the issue of drugs and how they should be handled. There are some people that firmly believe that legalizing all drugs will solve a lot of our country’s problems. The advocates for legalizing drugs believe that this would benefit everyone by making our streets and homes much safer due to the fact that drug addicts will do anything for their next â€Å"fix†. Drug prices increase with the restriction of drugs by law enforcement and the addicts are desperate for moneyRead MoreDrugs Case For Legalizing Marijuana By Gore Vidal Case Study744 Words   |  3 PagesWhat would be your solution to end drug addiction? In the essay, Drugs: Case for Legalizing Marijuana†, Gore Vidal argues his solution, to legalize all drugs along with marijuana, to end drug addiction. Marijuana along with other drugs should not be legalized because they will cause more harm than good, begin leading to drug after drug, and would forever affect the world. Drugs aren’t just bad for some people, they are bad for everyone. Vidal states â€Å"Label each drug with a precise description of whatRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pagesshould be considered as illegal drug, I firmly believe that marijuana should be legalized medically and recreationally. Marijuana provides its user relaxation and peacefulness which indicates that the drug does not influence bad or criminal actions. However, marijuana is still illegal in some areas where dangerous products like alcohol are legal. In the field of medicine, marijuana is one of the safest drugs among all medications nowadays. Marijuana is a very unique drug as marijuana can reduce many

Investment Free Essays

Bicycles Is a London based company, which Is part of rapidly expanding global market. There Is currently huge potential for growth within the Industry. Sales of the folding bicycles are expected to reach 19,000 with a pre tax profit of IEEE,OHO for the year. We will write a custom essay sample on Investment or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a bid to boost production to 50,000 bikes per year they are currently in the process of a El m revamp and the introduction of new management. The lack of growth within Prompt Bicycles is also as a result of the fierce intention from overseas manufacturer’s, which are able to produce more bikes at a much faster rate and with a lower wage cost but Prompt bicycles are unwilling to move locations due to the high investment they have made in tools and specific skill training for their 85 staff. Prompt Bicycles have managed to reduce cost In some areas such as not having to invest In new tools or machinery as a result of their design hardly changing for 20 years. They have also managed to save on marketing cost through relying on word of mouth to promote the business, there are plans to change this In order to try and increase sales in the overseas market Summary of Prompt Bicycles Prompt Bicycles is a London based company, which is part of rapidly expanding global market. There is currently huge potential for growth within the industry. Sales The lack of growth within Prompt Bicycles Is also as a result of the fierce impotently from overseas manufacturer’s, which are able to produce more bikes at a Prompt Bicycles have managed to reduce cost in some areas such as not having to invest in new tools or machinery as a result of their design hardly changing for 20 mouth to promote the business, there are plans to change this in order to try and increase sales in the overseas marketer’s of Prompt Bicycles increase sales in the overseas Summary of Prompt Bicycles increase sales in the overseas market How to cite Investment, Papers

Case Study of SD-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Explore your knowledge of Physical Health Problem and how nurse can help people Optimize their Physical and Mental Health. Answer: Introduction The current assignment focuses on the aspect of nursing policy and procedures implemented in the care of the ones suffering from co-morbid mental and physical conditions. The current study highlights the potential nursing interventions and the plausible outcomes of the same in dealing with the ones suffering firm co-morbid illness conditions. Some of the major nursing procedures have been highlighted throughout the assignment such as the policies of therapeutic communication and active listening for comprehending the problem situation of the support users. Additionally, the implementation of a patient centred approach is useful in understanding the grievances faced by the patient. Also, such programs put the patient at the centre of the care process along with the implementation of the policy of informed decision making. The goal is to provide sufficient autonomy to support service user along. The nursing practices are again based upon the aspects of the development of trust and emotional bonding with the patients. Therefore, the nursing strategies need to implement care and empathy as the backbone of the services. Briefcase history of a person with co-morbid physical and mental illness The current assignment emphasizes upon a particular case history where the patient had co-morbid physical and mental illnesses. The patient here is a 48-year-old lady named as SD had been suffering from a number of mental and physical issues. The patient had been seen to have long-term chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance syndrome, osteoarthritis, obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, Gastroesophageal Reflex Disorder (GORD) and hyperchylomicronaemia among the few. The patient had been a long-term smoker with a history of Constructive Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) and urinary incontinence. Additionally, the patient had been exposed to a number of mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, personality disorder and acrophobia. The patient here often exhibits argumentative and verbally abusive behaviour. She also threatens to self-harm herself in case of her needs and demands not being satisfied. The patient had been abandoned by her mother when she was only 11 years old and from then had been living with her grandparents. Therefore, early separation from parents might have been the catalyst in the deterioration of the patient health. SD had a brief working history in the different food industry, take away shops and supermarkets for a while. She is a divorce and had four children, who had also separated from her owing to her present and aggravated mental condition. The patient also has a history of osteoarthritis which makes movement difficult for her. Therefore, she had to take the support of a 22-inch long wheelchair for managing her daily acti vities. Therefore, the assignment aims at the application of theory to practise for the development of a management plan. Causative factors of the physical health problem and its impact on the life of the person The complex physical condition of the patient could be attributed to a number of causative factors. The patient had been suffering from chronic type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is characterised by the presence of high levels of high levels of blood sugar, insulin resistance or lack of sufficient insulin in the body. As commented by Knowles et al. (2013), the presence of elevated levels of blood sugar level could be related to a number of clinical symptoms such as diabetic neuropathy resulting the damage of the nerve cells of the arms and legs, restricting the movements of an individual. The patient had been seen to be obese and possess conditions such as osteoarthritis. This could be attributed to the presence of elevated levels of blood sugar level resulting in conditions of diabetic neuropathy. As commented by ONeil et al. (2012), the presence of obesity increases the risk for the contraction of long-term ailments such as diabetes in the patient. The presences of fat layers have bee n linked with the increased amount of triglycerides in the blood of the patient (Berge et al., 2012). Additionally, SD also expressed symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) along with GORD. As argued by Kolappa, Henderson and Kishore (2013), the IBS could be related to the presence of elevated levels of mental disturbances faced by the patient owing o the condition of bipolar disorder. As commented by Cooper and Marshall (2013), the imbalances of important chemicals such as serotonin and dopamine in the brain have a serious effect on the levels of other hormone secretion. Thus, the disruption in the levels of normal hormone synthesis results in digestive disorders. Here, SD had also reported the presence of pancreatic disorders which could be attributed to the presence of an amount of triglycerides in the blood resulting in pancreatic inflammation. Current and potential medical treatment options For the treatment of the current medical status of the patient, a number of medical interventions and strategies have been followed. As commented by Lawrence, Hancock and Kisely (2013), effective medication management is crucial in ensuring faster and optimal standards of care services for the patient. Here, the patient SD had been suffering from a number of physical and mental co-morbid conditions. Therefore, the nurses attending the patient here need to well informed about the plethora of conditions that the patient might be exposed to. SD had been affected with bipolar disorder which made her conditions of anxiety even worse. Therefore, she had to be provided with mild sedatives and anti-anxiety medications. As commented by Fazel et al. ( 2012), the major constituent of the anxiety drugs are benzodiazepines which have been reportedly known to affect the stomach and the digestion process. The following medications are prescribed for the patient such as Pariet, Symbicort inhaler, Panadol Osteo, rosuvastatin, lithium, Metformine, Paroxitine, Aripiprazole, etc. The inhalers are prescribed to SD for the management of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Additionally, the Pariet group of medication have been suggested in the patient for relieving the symptoms of GORD faced by the patient. It belongs to the group of proton pump inhibitors which controls or reduces the amount of acid secretion in the stomach. The metformin is used to treat the type 2 diabetes present in the patient. As commented by Geddes and Miklowitz (2013), the metformin group of medicines have to be repeated at proper intervals of time for the maintenance of a normal level of insulin in the blood. The Panadol osteo had been suggested to the patient as a treatment relief for arthritis in the patient. Here, SD is a 48-year-old lady who has been dependent on wheelchairs owing her long-term condition of osteoarthritis. Therefore, the goal of the nursing care would be to reduce the dependency of the lady on wheelchairs and perform her daily set of activities effectively. For the purpose of which holistic care regimen needs to be designed for the patient. Additionally, the patient had been dependent upon Aripiprazole, which are medicines suggested for the treatment of mental disorders or mood swings in patients. As commented by Brunoni et al. (2012), the increasing dependence upon mood enhancers has been seen to reduce the mental resilience in people or the potential of appropriate screening and decision-making procedures. In this context, the patient needs to be provided with effective medical interventions and moral support. The nurses could play an effective role in reducing the grievances of the patient and providing the patient with sufficient alternative medical strategies and interventions (Collins et al., 2013). Nursing interventions The nursing policies and care interventions play a pivotal role in catering to the complex health requirements of the patient. Here, the patient SD had been suffering from a number of co-morbid conditions including a bipolar and mental disorder. As commented by McElroy et al. (2012), the thinking and decision-making abilities of a person affected with mental illness are often affected severely. The ones exhibiting violent and fussy kind of behaviour are often difficult to deal with. Therefore, the nurses or the support carers need to develop an effective bond with the patient. In the present context, a number of nursing interventions and policies have been discussed which helps in meeting the demands of the patient along with providing the patient with sufficient autonomy. A number of approaches have been focussed upon here which have been found to affect the health care services to a great extent. Some of these factors are poor follow up, lack of support carer continuity. As commented by Knowles et al. (2013), following the health details of a patient suffering from a number of co-morbid clinical conditions is very important. This helps the preservation of the important health details related to a patient. Additionally, the nursing care plans and strategies should also take into consideration a number of healthcare norms and acts such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA). The nursing interventions are mainly based upon the strategies for assessment adopted by the nurse. The assessment consists of a number of complex steps and procedures followed by the nurses in providing care and support to patients with SD. The assessment methods could be divided into two main forms of management such as pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The pharmacological interventions depend upon the aspects of medication reconciliation and collecting collateral information. The medical reconciliation helps in the collection of important information pertaining to the medical schedule and compliance to the various medical process adopted by the patient. SD had been reportedly showing allergies or intolerance to a number of medications such as Tarzan, Metronidazole and Valproate. Therefore, administration of any forms of allergenic medications to the patient could result in the development of acute immune responses (Stanton and Reaburn,2014). The second plausible intervention which could be exercised by the nurse over here is a collection of collateral information about the past and present condition of the patient. In this respect, sufficient participation from the family members of the patients is very important. However as supported by Briskman et al. (2012), lack of sufficient support from the family members of the patient could be misleading. Here, SD had been practically abandoned by her family owing to her deteriorating mental condition. Therefore, the role of the nurse is also to provide sufficient empathy to support service users like SD. This forms the basis for the development of an effective bond between the patient and the nurse catering after the requirements of the patient. Here, the nurse could develop a deep bond with the patient using the aspects of the therapeutic relationship. The therapeutic relationship is again dependent upon two main parameters such as the establishment of mutual respect between the patient and the nurse along with the acceptance of the difference of opinions. However as argued by Hultsjo and Hjelm (2012), the lack of providing sufficient autonomy and freedom to care service users like SD can result in the development of a chaotic situation within an acute care setup. As commented by Vancampfort et al. (2013), the development of an emotional bond with the patient rests upon certain important feelings such as trust, empathy, authenticity, respect, seeking clarity and active listening. Some of the other interventions which could be used by the nurse in caring for SD are the aspects of therapeutic communication which is based on active listening. The therapeutic communication is different from the other forms of social communication. Here, the nurse focuses more upon the grievances reported by the patient, providing a patient with sufficient space to break the closure. As commented by Chwastiak et al. (2014), the inculcation of the method further helps in placing the patient at the centre of the care and support services. The practice of the therapeutic communication methods with SD can help in increasing herself with along with promoting a decision makingcare policies. The objectives of the therapeutic communication can be achieved by using a number of simple steps of the process such as provision of a proper acknowledgement to the view expressed by the patient even if the nurses or the caring professional do not directly agree with the ideologies expressed by the patient(ONeil et al., 2015). Paraphrasing the statement of the patient in simpler terms can help in making support users like SD develop a connection with the nurses or the caring professions. As asserted by Collins et al. (2013), arguments of any form with a patient expressing psychotic symptoms should be avoided. On the other hand, the non-pharmacological intervention puts pressure on the collection of collateral information about the patient through their friends and family (Nordentoft et al., 2013). Here, the patient SD had been abandoned by her family and lacks any forms of communication with them. Therefore, inculcation of family and friends within the care processes can make the patient more responsive and agile. In this respect, the nursing professional looking after the care concerns of the patient need to encourage talks between the patient and their family members by providing them with sufficient and required amount of information. Therefore, as supported by Baumeister et al. ( 2012), the values of authenticity coincides with the policy of decision making. Rationales for interventions and expected outcomes The current study empathizes upon two main methods for catering to the co-morbid conditions present in the 42-year-old patient SD. Here, a number of nursing interventions and strategies have been applied to the patient such as the development of therapeutic relationship along with the establishment of therapeutic communication approaches. In the context, of dealing with patients with SD who had been suffering from a number of co-morbid physical and mental conditions higher levels of understanding and empathy is required by the nursing professionals. As commented by Stanton and Reaburn (2014), the presence of stigma within the society regarding mental health issues can affect the nursing interventions and strategies which could be applied for catering to the care requirements of the patient. However, the problem situation of the patient is much complex in nature over here owing to the stringent medical conditions that the patient is exposed to. Therefore, for the prevention and manage ment of the physical and mental health condition of the patient, a number of supporting management and intervention policies can be used. Conclusion The current study focuses on the aspect of nursing policies and procedures for providing sufficient autonomy and stability to the ones suffering from co-morbid mental and physical health conditions. Here, the patient SD had been suffering from long-term issues such as diabetes along with bipolar disorder. The patient owing to her disabled mental conditions had been abandoned by her family. Also, the patient had been depicting violet behaviour making difficult for the nursing professional to attend her. However, allowing the patient with sufficient capacity and space to exercise her will along with the implementation of the some of the basic nursing policies such as aspects of therapeutic communication and an empathetic patient centred approach could help in catering to the patient requirements. However, for the effective provision of the care serviced detailed study and sufficient support from the family members of the support user is required. References Berge, L. I., Riise, T., Fasmer, O. B., Lund, A., Oedegaard, K. J., Hundal, . (2012). Risk of depression in diabetes is highest for young persons using oral anti?diabetic agents. Diabetic Medicine, 29(4), 509-514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03530.x [Accessed on 19 Oct. 2017] Briskman, I., Bar, G., Boaz, M., Shargorodsky, M. (2012). Impact of co-morbid mental illness on the diagnosis and management of patients hospitalized for medical conditions in a general hospital. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 43(4), 339-348. Retrieved from:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2190/PM.43.4.d [Accessed on 18 Oct. 2017] Chwastiak, L. A., Davydow, D. S., McKibbin, C. L., Schur, E., Burley, M., McDonell, M. G., ... Daratha, K. B. (2014). The effect of serious mental illness on the risk of rehospitalization among patients with diabetes. Psychosomatics, 55(2), 134-143. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2013.08.012 [Accessed on 21 Oct. 2017] Collins, P. Y., Insel, T. R., Chockalingam, A., Daar, A., Maddox, Y. T. (2013). Grand challenges in global mental health: integration in research, policy, and practice. PLoS Medicine, 10(4), 434. Retrieved from:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001434 [Accessed on 18 Oct. 2017] Cooper, C. L., Marshall, J. (2013). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. In From Stress to Wellbeing, 1(4), 3-23. Palgrave Macmillan UK. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137310651_1 [Accessed on 20 Oct. 2017] Fazel, M., Reed, R. V., Panter-Brick, C., Stein, A. (2012). Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors. The Lancet, 379(9812), 266-282. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60051-2 [Accessed on 20 Oct. 2017] Geddes, J. R., Miklowitz, D. J. (2013). Treatment of bipolar disorder. The Lancet, 381(9878), 1672-1682. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60857-0 [Accessed on 19 Oct. 2017] Hultsj, S. M., Hjelm, K. (2012). Organizing care for persons with psychotic disorders and risk of or existing diabetes mellitus type 2. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 19(10), 891-902.DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2012.01874.x [Accessed on 19 Oct. 2017] Knowles, S. E., Chew-Graham, C., Coupe, N., Adeyemi, I., Keyworth, C., Thampy, H., Coventry, P. A. (2013). Better together? A naturalistic qualitative study of inter-professional working in collaborative care for co-morbid depression and physical health problems. Implementation Science, 8(1), 110. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-8-110 [Accessed on 19 Oct. 2017] Kolappa, K., Henderson, D. C., Kishore, S. P. (2013). No physical health without mental health: lessons unlearned?. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(1), 3-3a. Retrieved from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2471/BLT.12.115063.[Accessed on 18 Oct. 2017] Lawrence, D., Hancock, K. J., Kisely, S. (2013). The gap in life expectancy from preventable physical illness in psychiatric patients in Western Australia: retrospective analysis of population based registers. Bmj, 346(2), 539. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f2539 [Accessed on 19 Oct. 2017] Nordentoft, M., Wahlbeck, K., Hllgren, J., Westman, J., sby, U., Alinaghizadeh, H., ... Laursen, T. M. (2013). Excess mortality, causes of death and life expectancy in 270,770 patients with recent onset of mental disorders in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. PloS one, 8(1), 55176. Retrieved from:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055176 [Accessed on 18 Oct. 2017] ONeil, A., Jacka, F. N., Quirk, S. E., Cocker, F., Taylor, C. B., Oldenburg, B., Berk, M. (2015). A shared framework for the common mental disorders and non-communicable disease: key considerations for disease prevention and control. BMC psychiatry, 15(1), 15. Retrieved from:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0394-0 [Accessed on 20 Oct. 2017] ONeil, A., Williams, E. D., Stevenson, C. E., Oldenburg, B., Berk, M., Sanderson, K. (2012). Co-morbid cardiovascular disease and depression: sequence of disease onset is linked to mental but not physical self-rated health. Results from a cross-sectional, population-based study. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 47(7), 1145-1151. [Accessed on 18 Oct. 2017] Stanton, R., Reaburn, P. (2014). Exercise and the treatment of depression: a review of the exercise program variables. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(2), 177-182. Retrieved from:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.010 [Accessed on 20 Oct. 2017] Vancampfort, D., Vanderlinden, J., De Hert, M., Admkova, M., Skjaerven, L. H., Cataln-Matamoros, D., ... Probst, M. (2013). A systematic review on physical therapy interventions for patients with binge eating disorder. Disability and rehabilitation, 35(26), 2191-2196. Retrieved from:https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2013.771707 [Accessed on 20 Oct. 2017]

Philosophical Suicide

Introduction Philosophy can be defined as the desire to acquire wisdom and knowledge on life. It thus deals with a person’s intelligence on aspects of life that an individual has developed an interest in. Camus, for instance, developed an interest in understanding the human nature and how humans respond to the environment. This paper seeks to discuss the argument made by Camus over philosophical suicide. The paper will look into what Camus defined as psychological suicide with the aim of evaluating the decision that was made by Camus.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophical Suicide specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Philosophical Suicide The origin of Camus’ argument over philosophical suicide is based on the concept of nature being abstract and thus making it very hard for people to fully and clearly understand it. Camus had the views that it would be difficult, if not impossible to digest and understand the world in a reasonable way thus presenting a conflict in human beings who want to have a rational life. The inability of humans to develop an understanding of the world has also resulted in people’s internal conflict as expectations fall apart to what nature dictates upon people. He explained that absurdity is a result of questions that are asked in life following occurrences that are not understood. Such questions, owing to their lack of answers bring the awareness that nature is abstract. One of the thoughts that Camus laid down for his argument is the idea that once the abstract nature of the world is revealed to an individual, a person develops attitudes that are connected to the urge to die, bringing in elements of suicide among people (Sandres and Skoble 121). Available options The conflict that is created by the existence of absurdity of nature enlists reactions from individuals to try and understand nature for an appropriate response. According to Camus, there are just but a few available options that an individual has in the face of the abstract nature of the world. These options are â€Å"actual suicide, philosophical suicide and revolt† (Sandres and Skoble 122). The option of actual suicide involves the termination of an individual’s life in a bid to eliminate the problem experienced due to absurdity. The other available response to nature’s abstract condition is revolt against it. Revolt, however, has the effect of torturing an individual as well as being quite demanding. In revolt, a person will, for example, have to abandon weaknesses in order to be able to endure the effects that are caused by inability to understand or even react to nature. Philosophical suicide on the other hand involves an assumption of the complexity presented by nature. Under this response, a person isolates self from the existence of nature by suppressing knowledge towards nature. Philosophical suicide takes a safer ground that is not available in revolt under which a person still ends up being alienated in life like in the case of suicide (Sandres and Skoble 123).Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The abstract nature of the world poses problems that can only be solved through three ways. Suicide and revolt either technically or implicitly eliminates an individual from the world leaving philosophical suicide as the neutral and safer resort. Philosophical suicide is thus the comfort zone among the three options. A fair opinion will therefore concur with Camus that once in it a person cannot easily walk out of philosophical suicide. Work Cited Sandres, Steven and Skoble Aenon. The philosophy of TV noir. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2008. Print. This essay on Philosophical Suicide was written and submitted by user Amari Perez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Direct Supervision Jails essays

Direct Supervision Jails essays The Podular/Direct Supervision Concept 2 The Principals and Dynamics of New Generation Jail Management 4 Population Divided Into Controllable Groups 5 Maximum Supervision During Initial Hours of Confinement 9 Commandments of Direct Supervision Management 10 The term new generation jail refers to new or remodeled jails that are designed around a podular architectural design in conjunction with a direct supervision inmate management orientation. While jails of this style were first introduced in the Federal system nearly 20 years ago, it has only been in the past few years that the operational principles and dynamics have been documented and the concept has begun to gain acceptance in local jurisdictions. Several national professional correctional authorities have now endorsed the concept of a podular design with direct supervision. The American Correctional Association endorsed this approach in their publication entitled Design Guides for Secure Adult Correctional Facilities, published in November of 1983. The American Institute of Architectures Committee on Architecture for Justice appointed a subcommittee in 1983 to draft a position in favor of new generation jail concepts for adoption by the AIA. The National Institute of Corrections Advisory Board took a formal position on the podular design and direct supervision management concept at their November 21, 1983 meeting. The Advisory Board of the National Institute of Corrections advocates that jurisdictions that are contemplating the construction or renovation of jails and prisons should explore the appropriateness of the podular direct supervision (new generation) concept of jail and prison design and management for their new facilities. The NIC Advisory Board believes that the economic, social, and professional values explicit in the concept of jail and prison design and management exemplify an appropriate direction for detention of persons ...

Things Fall Apart Study Guide and Discussion Questions

'Things Fall Apart' Study Guide and Discussion Questions Things Fall Apart is a famous novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. Its considered an important work in world literature, albeit a controversial one. The book has been banned in some places for its negative portrayal  of European colonialism. The book is split into three parts showing the reader the negative effects of colonization on the main characters tribe. It also shows how Christian missionaries work to convert the African population helped to forever alter their culture. The book was written in 1958 and became one of the first books from Africa to become world renowned. It is seen as an archetype for the modern African novel. This is a recommended book to read in a book club because of the depth of the work. Plot Summary Protagonist Okonkwo becomes a successful farmer and earns titles and respect in his community, even though his father, Unoka, was seen as lazy, making him a disrespected laughingstock. His father is a source of shame for Okonkwo, whos strived to be everything his father has not. Hes domineering over his family as a result, and his overarching desire to always seem manly leads to his downfall. He takes in a ward, given to him to care for as a peace offering to avoid war with the neighboring Mbaino community. An oracle says the boy must be killed, but Okonkwo is advised not to do it. He does it anyway. But its after the accidental killing of a leader in his community that he and his family are exiled for seven years. When they return, they find that much has changed in their community because of white missionaries coming to town. Theyve set up a prison, a European-style court of law, a church, school, and hospital. Okonkwo doesnt understand why the people havent revolted against these oppressors. Then, the benevolent Mr. Brown is replaced by a strict reverend who isnt interested in the peoples existing culture. Violence eventually ensues, and the local leaders are eventually taken down by the colonizers. Okonkwo cannot cope and ends his own life. Main Characters These are the main characters in the novel: Okonkwo: protagonist whose fatal flaw is his inability to adapt to change and his reverence for needing to appear tough and manlyIkemefuna: clever, resourceful boy, ward of Okonkwo, whom he kills to not appear weak; given to Okonkwo to avoid warNwoye: son of Okonkwo, who becomes a Christian, a sensitive boyEzinma: daughter of Okonkwo, bold, her fathers favorite; the only surviving child of EkwefiEkwefi: Okonkwos second wifeUnoka: Okonkwos father, whom Okonkwo strives to be the opposite of; Unoka is lazy and enjoys music and conversation; is gentle, cowardly, and not ambitious; thus, he doesnt have the respect of the townsfolk.Obierika: best friend of OkonkwoOgbuefi Ezeudu: the elder of UmuofiaMr. Brown: missionary to Umuofia and Mbanta; patient, kind, respectful, open-minded person who builds a school and hospital in Umofia and encourages people to become literate to keep up with the rest of the world; represents colonizationthe Rev. James Smith: missionary who contrasts with Mr. Bro wn in that Smith is strict and doesnt compromise; has no interest in the native peoples culture; also represents colonization Major Themes In addition to the themes of the effect of colonization on African society and how cultures clash, there are personal themes as well. Readers can also examine how peoples character leads to their outcomes, such as in the case of how adaptable they are to change or inflexible (character is destiny). An examination of the book can look at human emotions and find commonalities and universals (people are people). The destiny theme can also be examined on a societal level. Achebe illustrates the complexity of the Igbo society and how it functions- unlike the authoritarian encroachers- without a strong central government. Is it destiny for the people to have been conquered, then? You can also examine how the community and people interact to find balance and function as a society. Historical Impact Things Fall Apart has become one of the most important books in African literature, as it was among the first major works to bring the African perspective to a worldwide audience and launched the continents modern literature. It even made Western anthropologists realize theyd been getting the story wrong and led them to a reexamine their methods and scholarship on Africas history and peoples. Though controversial to write a novel in the colonizers language, the book was able to reach more people that way, and Achebe was able to work untranslatable Ibo words into the telling so that people would be able to understand them through context as they read, rather than have a translator not achieve adequate subtleties of meaning. The book awakened pride in history and community for people in Africa and led them to realize that they could tell their own stories and that they were valid. Discussion Questions What is important about the title: Things Fall Apart? Is there a reference in the novel that explains the title?What are the conflicts in Things Fall Apart? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) are present?How does Chinua Achebe reveal character in Things Fall Apart?How do the storys themes relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in Things Fall Apart? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Are the characters consistent in their actions? Are they fully developed characters? Are some characters more fully developed than others? How? Why?Do you find the characters likable? Are the characters persons you would want to meet?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?  Do you think the novel is meant to be political? What point was the author trying to make? Did he succeed?Why is the novel so controversial? Do you think the book should be censored or banned? Should it be taught in schools ? How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What is the role of family and community in this novel? How does it change with the arrival of Europeans? How does it change when the missionaries arrive?Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why? What point do you think the author was making with the conclusion of the novel? Does your perspective change knowing there is a sequel?Would you recommend this novel to a friend?How is religion portrayed in this novel? Do you think the Christian missionaries had a positive or negative impact on the characters?Whats important about the time period the novel is set in?Why do you think the authors decision to write the novel in English  rather than his native language caused controversy?What point is the author trying to make about the African identity? What problems  does the author outline? Does he offer solutions?

Faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Faith - Essay Example I have approaches few people that have products, discussed my plans with them, and I would be an agent and offer strategy and agreement between the product owners and the people that I direct to the websites. Commercial transactions would then follow and commission would be my income. Identifying and convincing product owners into the idea have been a challenge but I believe the idea will be successful because God has assured us of success. God’s words to Israelites that the Lord â€Å"gives you the ability to produce wealth† (Deuteronomy 8:18, p. 1) and that â€Å"thou mayest prosper and be in health† (3 John 1:12, p. 1) are the scriptures on which I stand. Failure to find product owners who liked my ideas and wanted to work with it and the fact that I have not yet implemented the ideas challenges my faith in God’s words and power but the scriptures strengthens me. I therefore believe that I shall overcome and attain my financial

Hurrican Katrinia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hurrican Katrinia - Essay Example aled to both the contractors who designed and built the wall as well as the Army Corps Engineers the nature of the weak layer of soft soil that made the base of the floodwall’s steel piling foundation. In addition, the primary design for the steel sheet foundation for the walls indicated a suggested depth of 10 feet having the calculations made with wall base at 12.8 feet. Furthermore, a New Orleans engineer claimed that the depth was later on increased to a depth of up to 17 feet. Nonetheless, although the corps maintained their claim that the wall depth was 17 feet, investigations carried out by a forensic engineering group from Louisiana State University by use of sonar revealed that the piling sheets were 10 feet (Shrum, 2014). Also, investigations of the constructions on the Industrial Canal and London Avenue levees showed that they were below the stated standards. Other reports indicated that homeowners along the 17th Street Canal close to where the site of breach appear ed had previously reported about a constant leakage from the canal that flooded their yards a year before the Hurricane Katrina. Therefore, aside from the fact that the storm heave formed remarkable subterranean pressures under the floodwalls making the soil under the sheet weaker structural problems in the walls played a role as well (Shrum, 2014). Poor levee maintenance was another underlying factor, whereby, investigations suggest that a probable trigger of the breach on the 17th Street Canal levee may be due to a fallen large oak tree planted rather too close to the levee base. In addition, on the London Avenue Canal, burrowing animals had formed enormous through-ways that undermined the already weakened foundations. Therefore, the local levee boards responsible for maintaining had not done their work as they should have. In addition, the destruction of cypress trees and various vegetations that had previously grew in the brackish waters in the intersection between the Gulf of Mexico

Summary, conclusions and recommendations Essay Example for Free

Summary, conclusions and recommendations Essay This chapter presents a brief summary of the study, the salient findings based on the data gathered, the corresponding conclusions drawn and the recommendations offered. FINDINGS The present inquiry revealed the following FINDINGS: 1. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination if the Beloved novel is real or fiction when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is accepted. 2. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination if slave life is harsh in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest. Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is accepted. 3. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination on how Sethe felt about her motherly suffering in the Beloved novel when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is accepted. 4. There is no significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is accepted. 5. There is a significant difference between the respondents’ determination on the reality of the right of women slaves to love when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is rejected. 6. There is no significant difference between the respondents in terms of the right of slave mothers right to own children when grouped according to Age, Gender and Highest Educational Attainment. Hypothesis is accepted. 7. There are more respondents belonging to the 15- 25 age level. 8. There are more respondents belonging to the Female Gender. 9. There are more respondents belonging to the High School Highest Educational Attainment level. 10. There are similarities between slavery and Feminism. Feminism also includes motherhood. For Sethe was both a female and a mother of four. 11. There are differences between slavery and Feminism. To reiterate, Feminism also includes motherhood. CONCLUSIONS: The present inquiry arrived at the following CONCLUSIONS: 1. There are more respondents belonging to the 15- 25 age level. 2. There are more respondents belonging to the Female Gender. 3. There are more respondents belonging to the High School Highest Educational Attainment level. 4. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms reality of the Beloved novel. 5. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the reality of the Beloved novel. 6. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms highest Educational Attainment in the Beloved Novel. 7. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the levels in terms harshness of slave life in the Beloved novel. 8. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the harshness of slave life in the Beloved novel. 9. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms harshness of slave life in the Beloved Novel. 10. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of how Sethe felt about her motherly suffering in the Beloved novel. 11. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of how Sethe feels about her motherly suffering in the Beloved Novel. 12. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms harshness of slave life in the Beloved Novel. 13. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the reality of Mother Baby Snuggs Freedom in the Beloved novel. 14. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of Mother Baby Snugg’s Freedom reality in the Beloved Novel. 15. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms the reality of Mother Baby Snugg’s freedom reality in the Beloved Novel. 16. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the different levels in terms of the right of woman slaves to love in the Beloved novel. 17. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the right of women slaves to fall in love in the Beloved Novel. 18. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms the right of woman slaves to love in the Beloved Novel. 19. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms of the right of slave mothers to own their children in the Beloved novel. 20. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms slave mothers’ right to own their children in the Beloved Novel. 21. Therefore, the respondents with different age levels have the same levels in terms the right of slave mothers to own their children. To end, Marther Cutter poignantly states â€Å"Beloved (1987) marks the height of Morrisons achievement, for it is a narrative that resists closure in numerous ways. I have found that for this reason teaching Beloved is always a new experienceno class reacts to it the same way, as it generates multiple ambiguities that cannot easily be sutured over† . RECOMMENDATIONS: The researcher recommends that further research be done on the following areas: 1. Effect of Beloved’s literary overtures to the lives of current African Americans. 2. Effect of Morrison’s literary works on current African American lives. Works Cited Bidney, Martin. Creating a Feminist-Communitarian Romanticism in Beloved: Toni Morrisons New Uses for Blake, Keats, and Wordsworth. Papers on Language Literature 36. 3 (2000): 271. Blues, Love and Politics: When Toni Morrison and Cornel West Get Together, What Do They Talk about? Answer Everything from Baldwin to Beloved to Mel Gibson. The Nation 24 May 2004: 18. Bogartz, Richard S.An Introduction to the Analysis of Variance. Westport, CT: Praeger Publis.

Science in Not Going Too Far Essay -- Scientific Argumentative Persuas

When asked the question of whether or not scientific knowledge should be boundless, I can't help, but to wonder why it wouldn't be. Everything that I can think of that has to do with science such as coming up with cures for diseases, being able to re-create a human being and its parts. Being able to choose whether or not your child will be a boy or a girl, have blonde or brown hair or blue eyes or green eyes is, as far as I'm concerned, extremely beneficial. I don't see anything wrong with cloning either. What's the big deal anyway, it's not like you are going to have a bunch of look-a-likes running around. It is going to cost way too much money to get someone or something cloned. I have to throw in an argument from the other side and Mary Shelly said it in her novel, Frankenstein, "If the study to which you apply yourself has a tendency to weaken your affections, and to destroy your taste for those simple pleasures in which no alloy can possibly mix, then that study is certainly unlawful, that is to say, not befitting the human mind." (233) How could she say the study doesn't benefit the mind? We've always said that we learn from our mistakes haven't we? If the wrong person should somehow receive or get a hold of the technology and scientific methods to cloning, then it could definitely be a dangerous thing not benefiting. They could somehow regenerate all of the world's most evil creatures if he or she wanted a world of anarchy. They could single handedly become ruler of the earth. Of course, it would take a long time for those clones to grow up and become adults capable of creating such putrid crime. But, until then I think that all cloning is doing is making us more aware of how the human body works and that is only go... ... I think life is full of trading. You have to give up some things before you can learn more. So, all those animals and things that we test on are very respectable things to me. Science is the only reason that I am here today as a matter of fact. I actually died and then they had to do a C-Section in order for me to live. The only reason they were able to keep me alive is because through scientific experimentation they were able to learn and save more people. So science is all around us, we just don't notice it so don't hold it back. Works Cited Bishop, J. Michael. "Enemies of Promise." The Presence of Others. Editors Andrea A. Lunnsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York. Bedford St. Martin's, 2000, 237-242. Shelly, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others. Editors Andrea A. Lunnsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. New York. Bedford St. Martin's, 2000, 233.

Premartial Sex

This paper will include my research on premarital sex. For many years, premarital sex has been seen as a type of deviant behavior; but like many other concepts, deviant behavior can be define in many ways. This research will include a clear definition of deviant behavior and its relationship with premarital sex. Deviant Behavior Defined According to the Sociology Index, deviance is nonconformity to social norms. However, often deviance is simply conformity to the norms or standards of a subgroup or subculture rather than those of the dominant culture.Deviance is not inherent in any behavior or attitude but rather is a result of human interaction in particular normative situations. Deviant behavior usually evokes formal and informal punishment, restrictions, or other controls of society. These formal and informal controls constrain most people to conform to social norms. Despite the social sanctioning and controlling, however, we sometimes observe deviant behavior around us, with prem arital sex being one. (Sociology Index).What is Premarital Sex? Premarital sex is often referred to as fornication, meaning voluntary sexual intercourse between two unmarried persons or two persons not married to each other; according the Webster dictionary. Fornication can also be found in the bible and is considered a major sin. Premarital Sex in America â€Å"Almost all Americans have sex before marrying, according to premarital sex research that shows such behavior is the norm in the U. S. and has been for the past 50 years.The new study shows that by age 20, 75% of Americans have had premarital sex. That number rises to 95% by age 44. Even among those who abstained from sex until 20 or beyond, 81% have had premarital sex by 44, the survey shows. Researchers say the findings question the feasibility of federally funded abstinence-only education programs. â€Å"Premarital sex is normal behavior for the vast majority of Americans, and has been for decades,† says researcher Lawrence Finer, director of domestic research at the Guttmacher Institute, in a news release. The data clearly show that the majority of older teens and adults have already had sex before marriage, which calls into question the federal government's funding of abstinence-only-until-marriage programs for 12–29-year-olds. â€Å"It would be more effective to provide young people with the skills and information they need to be safe once they become sexually active which nearly everyone eventually will,† says Finer.In the study, published in Public Health Reports, researchers analyzed data from four cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth from 1982 to 2002, which included information on sexual and marital behaviors. The results showed that the vast majority of Americans have sex before marrying. For example, the 2002 survey showed: By age 20, 77% of men and women had had sex, including 75% who had had premarital sex. By age 44, 95% of men and women had had premarital sex; 97% of those who had ever had sex had had premarital sex.Among those who had abstained from sex until at least age 20, 81% had had premarital sex by age 44. Despite public opinion that premarital sex is much more common now than in the past, researchers say the number of Americans having premarital sex has not changed much since the 1940s. Among women who turned 15 between 1964 and 1993, 91% had had premarital sex before age 30, compared with 82% of women who turned 15 between 1954 and 1963. In addition, nearly nine out of 10 women who turned 15 between 1954 and 1963 had had unmarried sex by age 44.Researchers say that though the likelihood that Americans will have sex before marriage hasn't changed significantly since the 1950s, people are now waiting longer to get married. So they are sexually active and unmarried for longer than in the past (WebMD). † In Janet Smith’s article about Premarital Sex, she states; â€Å"The evidence is overwhelming that children ra ised in households headed by a single parent are much more prone to sexual abuse, drug abuse, crime, and divorce, for instance.Their health is poorer; their academic achievement is poorer; their economic well-being is less than that of children who are raised in two-parent households. In every way, children raised in single parent households seem to have a few strikes against them as they forge their way through life. (I do not want to suggest, of course, that all children raised in single parenthood households are doomed. I simply want to report that Catholic Church teaching, the teaching of most religions, sociological research, and perhaps common sense are at one in recognizing that children fare better when raised in a household with two parents. The number of single-parenthood households has risen dramatically, due, of course, largely to unwed pregnancy and divorce† ( Catholic Education Resource Center). Also stated in this article by Janet Smith, â€Å"The dimensions of the problem of unwed pregnancy are very serious, indeed. In the early nineteen sixties, some 3% of white babies were born out of wedlock, some 22% of black babies and as a whole, 6% of the babies born in the United States were born to unwed parents.Now some 22% of white babies, 68% of black babies and as an aggregate in the United States some 31% of babies are born to unwed parents. One out of four to one out of three pregnancies in the United States are ended through abortion, the vast majority performed on unmarried women. Nearly every one of these births and abortions represent a failed relationship, a relationship that was not committed to the caring for any children that may be conceived through the relationship† ( Catholic Education Resource Center).

Human Existence Essay

1. The origins of the majority of human existence in North America began with migrations from Eurasia over the Bering Strait. 2. The first truly complex society in the Americas was that of the Olmec. 3. Cahokia was a large trading center located near what present-day city? St. Louis. 4. The agricultural practices of pre-Columbian tribes in the Northeast were characterized by a rapid exploitation of the land. 5. The preeminent European maritime power in the fifteenth century was Portugal. 6. Christopher Columbus  thought the world was much smaller than it was in reality. 7. Amerigo Vespucci  helped popularize the idea that the Americas were new continents. 8. What European explorer gave the Pacific Ocean its name? Ferdinand Magellan 9. Encomienda was  the right to exact tribute and labor from natives. 10. The first permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the United States was St. Augustine. 11. In what way did sixteenth-century Europeans benefit from trade between the Americas and Europe? A large number of new crops became available in Europe. 12. Which of the following was NOT introduced by Europeans to the New World?  Corn. 13. The portion of west Africa that provided the majority of slaves for the Spanish Empire of the sixteenth century had well-developed economies and political systems. 14. African and American Indian societies tended to be matrilineal, which means that people traced their heredity through their mothers. 15. In the fifteenth century, slavery in Africa  generally allowed certain legal protections to the enslaved. 16. The European countries that controlled the African slave trade did so in which chronological order, from earliest to latest? the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English 17. What condition in England in the sixteenth century provided an incentive for colonization? The availability of farmland was declining, while the population was growing. 18. In what way were Martin Luther and John Calvin important to English Puritans? Luther and Calvin advocated ideas of religious reform that influenced Puritan thought. 19. The teachings of John Calvin  produced a strong desire among his followers to lead lives that were virtuous. 20. The English Reformation resulted from  a political dispute between King Henry VIII and the Catholic Church. 21. The English concluded from their colonial experiences in Ireland that English colonists should maintain a rigid separation from the indigenous population.

Dye Laser Essay Example

Dye Laser Essay Example Dye Laser Essay Dye Laser Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Dye Laser Introduction A Dye laser can be described as a laser that uses an organic dye as the lasing medium. There are four main categories of lasers, which are solid, liquid, gases, and semi-conductor lasers (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). However, the dye lasers belong to the category of liquid lasers that use the organic dye as a lasing medium. They are mainly used for medical applications in hospitals. The dye lasers are also applicable in the communication technology and many spectroscopic applications (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). They are used for the purposes of treating patients with various ailments and diagnostics. They are regarded as the most versatile and successful lasers in the world today in the field of biology, chemistry and physics (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). The operations, design considerations and the practical use of the dye laser are easy to identify and explain. Operation The solutions used in the laser dyes contain organic molecules that produce fluorescent beams. When the incoming source of light is exposed to the organic molecules, the dye becomes ready to emit stimulated radiation (Rosin, 2002). At this point, the dye emits light inform of fluorescent light and within a microsecond, the organic molecules will change to their triple state. In this case, they become phosphorescence and the molecules absorb the lasing wavelength, making the dye opaque. Flash pumps laser need short durations to deliver the large amounts of energy necessary to transport the dye past the threshold before triplet absorption overcomes singlet emission (Rosin, 2002). In this case, the dye solutions should be circulated at a high speed with low input energy to avoid this triplet absorption or degradation of the solution. It should be noted that the dyes have a high capacity of being under the influence of light. Therefore, the dye operates in a large reservoir making it possible to store it for longer times (Rosin, 2002). When the beam is passed through the liquid, it only needs to pass to a few passes through the liquid to reach full power resulting to high transmittance of the output coupler. On the other hand, the high gain in energy leads to high loses due to the dye cell walls and flash pumps reflectors (Rosin, 2002). For this reason, the pump cavities are made from materials that are not reflective at the lasing wavelength while reflecting the pump wavelength. To increase this, the beam performs all its work at maximum wavelength. Design Considerations Lasers dyes have a unique design for the purposes of performing efficiently. As opposed to the other dyes, they use liquid solutions as their medium making it complicated and at the same time, making them the most effective lasers. A dye laser consists of an organic dye, which is mixed with a solvent to make the liquid. This liquid is then circulated through a dye cell. On the other hand, it can be streamed in the open air using the dye jet. After this, a high source of light with a lot of energy is needed to pump the liquid beyond the last threshold (Rosin, 2002). Mirrors are required to oscillate the light produced by the dyes fluorescence with each transitory through the liquid. The organic solution is circulated at high speeds to avoid triplet absorption and decrease degradation of the organic solution. Because the dye solution can fit in any shape, it is designed to fit in many ways. For instance, fabry-perot laser is designed to fit for flash pump lasers. They consist of two mirrors that are mounted together with the laser placed between them. The solution is usually pumped with one or more flash pumps running parallel to the dye cell in a reflector cavity. This cavity is usually water cooled to prevent the shock produced from the radiation produced by the flash pumps. In this case, the laser dyes are ready to be used for the different purposes that it is meant for. On the other hand, there is a ring laser design that is chosen particularly for the continuous operations. In this case, the mirrors are arranged to allow the beam to move in a circular motion at all times thus making it continuous. In this case, the dye cell is small, to some extent, a dye jet is usually used to avoid reflection loses in the laser dye. Similar to the fabry-perot, the solution is run at extremely high speeds to avoid absorption or degradation. Additionally, it avoids absorption form the cutting of the beams. In contrast to the fabry-perot, standing waves are not generated hence there is no spatial hole burning. Practical Uses I. Industrial Uses The laser dyes have been practically made for industrial uses. In the industries, the laser dyes are practically used to separate the isotopes of radioactive elements like uranium. Uranium is commonly used for fueling nuclear powers to generate electricity. Many industries that use nuclear power use dye laser to separate uranium from its primary form so that they can be able to use it for electricity in the company (Tilley 77). This has been an excellent discovery in the industrial world because the other lasers could not perform their work efficiently. Therefore, the dyes lasers are extremely effective and as seen uranium cannot be easily separated from its primary form with the use of other lasers. II. Medical Uses In the medical field, the laser dyes have a variety of practical uses. One of them is the laser treatment of port wine stains. The port wine stains are formations of dilated blood capillaries in the skin (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). This causes the blood vessel to swell causing reddish marks in the skins. Hence, they are referred to as the port bloodstains. Port wine stains can occur in any part of the body, but in most cases, they occur on the face of a person (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). Additionally, port wine stains can infect anybody. It does not matter the age, gender or culture that a person hails from. In this case, the laser dyes are used to remove these stains from the skin. What really happens is, a beam of 1 centimeter in diameter is directed towards the areas of the skin where there are port wine stains. When the beam is pointed directly to the stain, the beam reduces the swollen capillaries thus cleaning the stain. It is worth noting that the strength of the beam in the laser dyes to be used on a patient varies a lot (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). The strength of the beam that is used on a child is not the same strength that is going to be used on an adult or an elderly person. On the other hand, the strength of the beam that is used on the face is not the same strength that it is used on the leg or the hand. This is because it can be harmful to the health of a person. When the lasers dyes have been used to treat the skin of a person, there are no side effects like skin texture. The other practical use in the medical field is the treatment known as lithotripsy. Lithotripsy is a medical procedure that uses chock waves to break stones that form in the gallbladder, bladder and kidney. This stones are only restricted to these regions only. The disease can infect anybody it does not matter the age, gender or race. This procedure is only used as a complementary treatment procedure. In this case, near the stones there is plasma that surrounds it. When this plasma is heated, it explodes causing shock waves. These shock waves destroy the stones and break them into small pieces that can go through the bladder. Therefore, the laser dyes are used to heat the plasma directly. The beam of the laser is directed towards the plasma that is near the stones for the purposes of heating (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). After heating the plasma, it reaches a certain point then it explodes. When it explodes, it produces certain shock waves that cause the stones to break down into pieces. These small pieces can now pass through the bladder easily. It is worth noting that in the different lithotripsy procedures, it requires different wavelengths and strengths. If the stones to be treated are large, wavelengths of high energy are used while if the stones are small, small wavelengths of small energy are used. Additionally, the wavelengths that can be used in the kidney are different from those wavelengths that can be used in the gallbladder. However, there are situations when there is tissue damage near the region where the treatment is being done. It should be noted that sometimes there are no tissue damage. The other practical application of the laser dyes in the medical field is the treatment of plaque. This is when the arteries are narrowed or blocked by deposits known as plaques (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). These deposits include the fats and the cholesterol that builds up in the inside walls of the arteries. This medical condition can be referred to as atherosclerosis (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). In order to treat this disease a procedure known as angioplasty is used. There are many options of treating this, which include balloon angioplasty and laser angioplasty. In laser angioplasty, the laser is passed through the different fibers where the plaque is located. In this case, radiation waves are used to displace the plaque from the arteries so that they can be able to function normally. In these procedures, the amount of wavelength depends on the age and gender of the person (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). Additionally, it depends on the amount of the plaque. If the amount of plaque is high, the radiation to be used is high. In this case, it is crucial for doctors to be extremely cautions where using laser angioplasty (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). There are several advantages of practically using the laser dyes in this procedure as compared to the other methods. The other methods require a major surgery to be done on a person as compared to laser angioplasty (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). In this case, the patient might develop complications on the major surgery, as opposed to the laser angioplasty. Secondly, when using the other procedures the arteries tend to open up at once and sometime they exceed the level in which they are expected (Bockus and Scofield 97). This might be harmful to the patient instead of treating him (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). On the other hand, when using the laser the arteries open slowly at their own pace causing no harm to the patient and reducing the chances of exceeding the required size. The last medical use of the laser treatment is treating vascular abnormalities. Most of the time people have abnormalities in the blood vessels. For this reason, the laser dyes have been a breakthrough towards the treatment of these abnormalities. In this case, it has been discovered that the destruction of selective blood vessels in the body can cure the abnormalities (Shankarling and Jarang, 2012). This is where the laser dye is used with controlled wavelength and strength to destroy the selected blood vessels. The advantages of using this procedure as compared to the other are that it reduces the unnecessary risks. III. Communication Uses The practical uses of the laser dyes were a significant break through in the field of communication. As the term laser suggests it is to amplify, the scholars and inventor created ideas of amplifying in the field of communications. The first practical use is in the radios. This idea was first coined in by Albert Einstein, when he brought the idea of amplifying communication microwaves. In this case, there was an introduction of laser dyes in the radio communication system to make the wavelengths stronger allowing people to have better clarity when they are listening to the radios (Bamfield 33). Another practical use in the field of communication is the fiber optics. Due to the change in technology, many companies have resulted to using fiber as opposed to the past where they were using copper wires. It was not that the copper wires were not effective, but they were destroyed easily. This resulted to the introduction of the fiber optics (Duarte 22). In fiber optics, there are those wavelengths that are required to move to long distances. In this case, the laser dyes are used since they are much more effective and easier to use. Another practical usage is in the field of communication is digital communication. Telecommunications have changed to the traditional use of analogue to the modern use of digital communications. In order to transport wavelengths in the digital communications, it requires something that is faster and stronger to be effective (Pavlopoulos 84). In this case, the digital wavelengths use laser dyes to transport the wavelengths since they are much more effective and convenient in this field of communication. Conclusion Dye lasers can be described as those lasers that use organic dye solution. Laser dyes use liquid solution as the main medium. The word laser meant to amplify. When the lasers are designed, they can be in any shape because the liquid solution can be molded into any shape. In this case, the designs vary from to another depending on the usage. The basic operations of the laser dyes depend on the amount of wavelength. Additionally, the operations depend on how the beam is strengthened or reduce while using the laser dyes. The laser dyes have been a great invention to the world of physics chemistry and biology due to their practical uses. Therefore, the lasers dyes are here to stay with promising invention with new practical uses. Bamfield, P. Chromic Phenomena: Technological Applications of Colour Chemistry. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001. Internet resource. Bockus, LB, and RH Scofield. â€Å"Phosphoprotein Detection on Protein Electroblot Using a Phosphate-Specific Fluorophore.† Methods in Molecular Biology (clifton, N.j.). 536 (2009): 385-93. Print. Duarte, F J. Tunable Laser Optics. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2003. Internet resource. Pavlopoulos, Theodore G, P T. Landsberg, and A J. Kenyon. Scaling of Dye Lasers with Improved Laser Dyes. Tarrytown, N.Y: Elsevier Science, 2004. Internet resource. Rosin, Glenn. Lesser Technology: Changing the Way of Life, Forging New Opportunities. OSA-Foundation.org. 2002. Web. February 16, 2012. Shankarling, G. S and Jarang, K. J. Laser Dyes. Resonance. February 16, 2012.Web. February 16, 2012. Tilley, R J. D. Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials: An Exploration of the Relationship between Light, the Optical Properties of Materials and Colour. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2011. Print.

The History of Swimming Pools

The History of Swimming Pools Swimming pools, at least man-made watering holes for bathing and swimming, go back at least as far as 2600 B.C.E. The first elaborate construction are probably The Great Baths of Mohenjodaro, an ancient and elaborate bathing site in Pakistan made from bricks and covered in plaster, with terraced decks that wouldn’t look out of place in a modern pool landscape. Mohenjodaro probably wasn’t used for general lap swimming, however. Scholars believe it was used in religious ceremonies. Ancient Pools More man-made pools surfaced throughout the ancient world. In Rome and Greece, swimming was part of the education of elementary age boys and the Romans built the first swimming pools (separate from bathing pools). The first heated swimming pool was built by Gaius Maecenas of Rome in the first century BC. Gaius Maecenas was a rich Roman lord and considered one of the first patrons of arts- he supported the famous poets Horace, Virgil, and Propertius, making it possible for them to live and write without fear of poverty. Growth in Popularity However, swimming pools did not become popular until the middle of the 19th century. By 1837, six indoor pools with diving boards were built in London, England. After the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 and swimming races were among the original events, the popularity of swimming pools began to spread According to the book Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming in America, the Cabot Street Bath in Boston was the first swimming pool in the U.S.  It opened in 1868 and served a neighborhood where most of the homes did not have baths. In the 20th century, a number of leaps in science and technology took swimming pools to a new level. Among the developments, chlorination and filtration systems that delivered clean water into the pool. Prior to these developments, the only way to clean a pool was to remove and replace all the water. Technological Advancements In the U.S. the pool business expanded with the invention of gunite, a material that allowed faster installation, more flexible designs, and lower costs than previous methods. The post-war rise of the middle-case, coupled with the relative affordability of pools accelerated pool proliferation even further. There were even less expensive options than gunite. In 1947, above ground pool kits hit the market, creating an entirely new pool experience. It wasn’t long before single unit pools would be sold and installed in a single day.

FDA Approval Procedure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FDA Approval Procedure - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that pre-clinical studies must showcase that the medication will not induce chromosomal damage when consumed in potentially effective doses. The results are filed to the FDA together with the IND (Investigational New Drug) application. Apart from the pre-clinical studies report, the IND application contains the information on pharmacologic properties, the proposal for clinical investigations, and clarification of safety measures for prospective volunteers.This essay discusses that after a drug has survived all the trials, an NDA (New Drug Application) is forwarded to the FDA. According to the 1992 Prescription Drug User Fee Act, standard applications are to be reviewed within the 12-month timeframe. Results on priority applications are usually released within six months. Sometimes, FDA may request to provide minor corrections or labeling adjustments. As soon as the product receives the FDA approval, it is allowed for sail. In case of rejection, the FDA pre sents the reasoning together with a list of recommendations. Certain approvals are given under the condition that further research must be conducted shortly after the initial marketing. For instance, the manufacturer may be requested to assess risks in patients with specific illnesses or to examine the long-term effects.  To conclude, drug approval is a lengthy and costly process that is strictly regulated by the FDA.

Toys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Toys - Essay Example Industrialization grew exponentially after WWII. Immediate gratification took away the pain many suffered as a result. Our future offspring and what tasks were needed to survive in the 1950's as a functional model of society became a main focus. The start of this revolution wasn't intended to create failures in society; it was to teach our young the importance of the societal rules and what is expected of them as adults. The first 'mini mom' model of a kitchen and the vacuum cleaner came to the market. The idea was new to most households and families wanting to beat the Jones' at being the first to have the finest toys possible. Society says it is acceptable and expected to mimic our parents and their roles they play. This is good training, Right Barthes says, "French toys are based on imitation, they were meant to produce children who are users, not creators" (Barthes, pg. 55). Social acceptance in gender based toys was positive and this increase in popularity enticed engineers to create even more plastic, gender based toys forgetting the roots of what society was made from. Girls cooking on plastic miniature stoves, setting the table for the family, or ironing her husband's clothes before he heads off to work - these roles they play are socially obligated and expected in the future. This tells the girls of our future - it's not our place to engineer or design the tallest building in the world. We must leave it up to the men in our society to construct and design. When I was in high school, I was told not to apply to college. I was to be a housewife and mother; there was no need for me to waste my parent's money by attending college. We are to accept our 'place' in society as shown to us by our parents. These "French Toys" (Barthes, pg. 53) restrict children and condition them for failure. Children look up to their parents for guidance. If they say we should play with these toys they are bringing home, why are we to question their motives Barthes implies the use of simple wooden blocks as a "demiurge" (Barthes, p. 54) rather than just a user of the objects. The Builder creates the foundation of all buildings, bridges, homes, school, and more. Creating the largest building of the physical universe with only the limitations of his/her imagination is a great accomplishment as a child. A little girl smiles wildly, "Mom, look what I built!" just as her brother plows through them. "Mom, Now I have to start all over!" The success of a master piece or the destruction from your brother as he swooshes his arms through your newly constructed bridge builds your knowledge base and your foundation in understanding what it takes to make things stand on their own. Barthes refers to the Vosges Mount ain range (Barthes, pg 55) to bring a personal relationship to the wooden blocks. It's harder to dismiss an object if it has a name. These skills and knowledge are needed for future development to start and complete tasks. The value in learning how to manage a project from start to finish is imperative whether it is building a house out of blankets throughout the living room or building a

Catholic Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Catholic Religion - Essay Example It should be noted that religion teaches people to unite for the greater good. Thus, if people are armed with the knowledge of the advantages of integration within the community they will become committed in pursuing a common goal. The internet is becoming very influential in creating a common culture in the global community. As people interact with each other online, they begin to develop common traits and share the same characteristics. It should be noted that the creation of online lingo is an example of how a language game is created through the interaction of people belonging in different nationalities online. What are the 3 most divisive issues in our world today I believe that the three most divisive issues in our world today are income inequality among nations, abortion, and family problems. The two last can be considered as really disastrous as these are destroying the family which is the foundation of society. Who does this willingly List the type of people, often associated with certain professions, who must reduce their own ego defenses for the good of another, or of an institution, even when the other does not do the same. The government has a huge role to play in these recurring issues. The problem of income inequality is not a direct effect of the decisions of ruling individuals yet their legislations often have implications in the lower income strata. The government officials have a lot to do in resolving this issue. Since abortion is legalized, it has become a resort to teenagers who are engaged in premarital sex. Teenage pregnancy is often the problem of juveniles from broken families who lack the guidance of parents. However, it can also be seen that these youth are those who don't care about the results of their actions. Family problems are very much prevalent in the American society. Usually, the issue here is the couple's unwillingness to compromise, sort out difference, and understand the concern of one another. Is it possible to have a common faith and not have a common understanding of the written presentation that gives faith a common level of meaning No, common faith cannot be achieve without a common understanding of the written presentation which is the foundation of that faith. Faith is something which is personal and can only be attained through an understanding of its foundation. We cannot say that the faith of two individuals is common when they do not have an agreement and common understanding of its foundation. The different interpretation of written presentations is often the reason why we have so many religions. Having interpreted the Bible from a different point of view, two persons might believe in different things and profess two different statements of faith according to their understanding. Thus, even the same written presentation can create two different faiths. What actions could you take, if you were so inclined, to communicate the notion that we all share in a super-natural relationship in and through Christ I believe that the most effective way of communicating to other people that there really exists a super-natural relationship with Christ is through showing them a life which is changed through this relationship. Of course, it is quite easy to declare that deep inside of us, there is a longing which only a personal relationship with God can fill. Yet, nothing can be more convincing by

Five Point Environmental Strategy Of Marriott International Tourism Essay

Five Point Environmental Strategy Of Marriott International Tourism Essay Introduction Since 1987, when the concept of sustainability was mentioned on a coordinated international platform, the movement towards sustainability had expanded across the globe. The governmental and non-governmental organizations, corporations and consumers those focusing on the need to exist in harmony with their surroundings and environmental footprints are increasingly. The hospitality industry also not exception, therefore the concept of sustainability has begun to gain momentum in this industry. (Ernst and Young, 2008) http://www.hotelnewsresource.com/pdf8/e_y120408.pdf Alison Sperry (2010) defined that Going Green means: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Going Green is making the daily decisions with responsible that benefits to the environment and also can reduce waste and pollution. This concept also encourages a lifestyle of recycling, using chemical-free products, using alternative energy sources such as wind and solar and reducing the dependency on fossil fuels for energy. Hotel businesses developed and operated by the consumption of significant amounts of natural resources which are affected the sustainability of the natural environment. The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) therefore, has grown considerably over the last decade due to an increasing number of companies formally recognising the impacts they have on the environment, on society and on the economy (Jones et.al, 2006). Going greens concept is a concept of people learns how to make the environmentally friendly choices. Going green also is a concept that supporters make some changes to encourage healthier and environmentally friendly living. http://www.ehow.com/about_6681447_concept-going-green.html Ernst and Young (2008) defined that green: not a black and white issue. The travelers that concerned about the environment were increasingly and they always make their own determination as to what constitutes greenness in the lodging industry. http://www.ehow.com/about_6681447_concept-going-green.html According to Deloitte Survey (2008) showed that, consumers, employees and individual travellers start to concerned more about the hospitality industrys sustainability. Most of the individuals also start to changes their lifestyles and accepting higher green standards for themselves and also to the companies that they cooperate with. http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/Local%20Assets/Documents/us_cb_sustainability_190608(1).pdf Marriott International has more than twenty-year commitment to start the environmental preservation. The Marriott International is working toward a greener, healthier planet and their operating units are employ methods to protect the surroundings of natural and resources (Marriott, 1996 2010). Every year, the Marriott International and its owners had spent around 10 billion just for buy the products and services for its 3,300 hotels around the world. Marriott International also expanding its green hotels and buildings portfolios. Besides that, approximately 275 of Marriotts hotels have received the ENERGY STAR ® label from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Marriott, 1996 2010). http://www.marriott.com/marriott.mi?page=green_buildings Last but not least, Marriott International also was ranked 42nd out of 100 in The Greenest Big Companies on Newsweeks first-ever list. Moreover, Marriott International also gets the 2009 Tourism for Tomorrow Award for Sustainability in the categories of the Global Tourism Business by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) (Marriott, 1996 2010). The Problem Statement The problem of this topic is about how Marriott International. Inc. practices their going green programs in their properties. Marriott International Corporation is a leading worldwide hospitality company (Marriott, 2010). Currently, Marriott has more than 3100 of lodging properties is in the United States and 65 is in other countries and territories across 17 lodging and vacation resort ownership brands (Marriott, 2009). Marriott has more than twenty-year commitment to environmental preservation (Marriott, 2010). In 2007, Marriott formed a Global Green Council, a cross-functional team of senior executives that collaborated with Conservation International, a global environmental organization, to evaluate its practices, set long-term goals, develop an environmental strategic plan and catalyze its progress (Marriott, 2010). Five-point Environmental Strategy of Marriott International was developed in collaboration with Conservation International which are includes (Marriott, 2009): Reduce Consumption of Water, Waste and Energy Greener Buildings, expansion of LEED-certified hotels Greening Supply Chain Protecting the Rainforest with Carbon Offsets Employee Guest Engagement Over the last decade, for, the Marriott International corporate organized the Going Green programs which involved in energy conservation by changed 450,000 of the light bulbs with fluorescent lighting, installed around 400,000 low-flow of showerheads and toilets and also introduced the linens reuse programs in their hotels worldwide (Marriott, 2009). Besides that, the Marriotts Retro-Commissioning (MRCx) program, planning process and a comprehensive evaluation that helps their properties become as energy efficient as possible, was conducted at more than 30 of its largest properties (Marriott, 2009). Through projects completed over the last few years and those currently under way, Marriott anticipate saving 12 million kilowatts of power (Marriott, 2009). In general, properties find that after it implement all the recommendations that evolved from an MRCx assessment, it energy costs decrease 5 to 25 per cent and they are achieving, on average, a payback on their investment in just 1.4 years (Marriott, 2009). In the Americas, Marriott achieved a 2.2 per cent reduction per available room (Marriott, 2009). In late 2009, through a partnership with a U.S.-based landscaping company, Marriott adopted a climate-specific approach to landscaping, using native plants and restricted colour palettes to reduce irrigation demands and cut the amount of fertilizer required to keep plants healthy (Marriott, 2009). In 2009, Marriotts landfill waste in the USA totalled 726,993 tons which reflects a 17 per cent reduction from 2007(Marriott, 2009). Additionally, its recycling rate also was increased to 69 per cent and all the header quarters waste also was diverted from the landfill to the waste-to-energy plant (Marriott, 2009). Also, Marriott expanding its existing of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle programs that already in place of 90 per cent of hotels which included guest room and meeting rooms (Marriott, 2009). Forty Marriott International hotels are expected to receive the LEED certification from the USGBC (USGBC, 2010). In addition, Marriott internationals global Headquarters in Bethesda was received the LEED-Existing Building Gold status (USGBC, 2010). Moreover, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency also had awarded Marriott International for three following years with its Sustained Excellence Award and more than 275 of its hotels also placed the ENERGY STAR ® label (Marriott, 2010). Marriott International has greening its supply chain by introduce the greener solutions at no extra cost (Marriott, 2009). For instance, Marriott has purchased 24 million of Greener key cards which consists 50 per cent of recycled material, which had save around 66 tons of plastics from dumped into the landfill (Marriott, 2009). Moreover, Marriotts will begin replacing the 100,000 synthetic pillows with those Eco-pillows that filled with material made from recycled bottles. In addition, one million of Earth-friendly towels that Marriott purchases in North America are no need to be pre-washed, which had save six million gallons of water (Marriott, 2009). Marriott hotels in Central Europe were used a laundry detergent that already cuts approximately 100,000 kg amount of phosphates released into waste water (Marriott, 2009). Marriott has teamed up with many Corporation or organizations to help them support their efforts to preserve and protect the environment (Marriott, 2009). For instance, Amazonas Sustainable Foundation (FAS), Conservation International, ENERGY STAR ®, International Tourism Partnership (ITP), and U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). The Marriotts protecting the rainforest strategy is help to protect 1.4 million of acres in endangered rainforest for the Juma Sustainable Development Reserve which partnership with the state of Amazonas in Brazil (Marriott, 2009). Research Questions The followings are some key questions addressed by his research: Is the Marriott International had practiced the going green? How the Marriott International practiced the going green in this industry? Why the Marriott international will practiced the going green? What level of going green programs of Marriott International? What differences between Marriott Internationals going green program with other companies? Does the going green program increase the income of Marriott International? Research Objectives To answer the above research questions, this study seek to accomplish the following objectives: To investigate going green practiced among all Marriott Internationals properties. To determine how the Marriott International practiced the going green. To determine the reasons of Marriott International practiced the going green. To examine the level of going green practiced among all Marriott Internationals properties. To compare the level of going green with other companies. To determine the advantages and disadvantages of going green in Marriott International. To determine the effect of going green programs to Marriott International. Hypothesis Statement Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework Conceptual Framework Marriott International. Inc. Going Greens Programs The strategies and programs of going green in Marriott International. Inc. The programs or strategies of going green in hospitality industry. The Actions that practices by Marriott International corporate. Theoretical Framework This research mostly searches on the Marriott International Corporate practising the level of going green in most of their properties. The reason why Marriott International become famous in going green program because their organized a lot of events or activities to greening their companies. In the internet or newspaper, we can see that Marriott International corporate organized a lot of activities in greening and get a lot of award internationally in greening program. Besides that, their also is one of the famous go green corporate in the world. Moreover, the going green is not easy to practices in the companies because it need a lot of resources to make it really work. Scope and Limitation This study was carried out among all Marriott International in going green program. The Marriott International, Inc.s operations are grouped into the five business segments which are North American Full-Service Lodging, North American Limited-Service Lodging, International Lodging, Luxury Lodging and Timeshare. Significance of the study The significance of this research is to evaluate the level of going green activities that practices or organized by Marriott International Corporate. According to The New York Times (2009), the Marriott International announced that they would no longer deliver newspapers to every guestroom in the morning. They only will deliver to which guest rooms had requested a newspaper or can pick one up in the lobby. Although that change is arguably as much about saving money more than saving trees. Marriott had assessed that it would reduce the newspaper distribution at its hotels to about 18 million only annually. http://zoominlocal.com/santa-rosa-press-democrat/2009/10/25/#?article=621947 Furthermore, this research is for acknowledge people around the world to know how important and advantages of going green in hospitality industries now a days. Now, most of the knowledge people are targeting the greening companies to cooperate with than normal companies. This is why more and more companies going to practising greening in their company because followed by the trend of all around the world. Chapter Two Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The literature review will begin with an essential understanding of the key points needed in order to accomplish the aim of the project. The research will be analysed in the literature to help construct an academic structure on the definition and concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The literature will also evaluate the purpose of sustainable development in the hospitality industry and its advantages and limitations. One area which has been particularly analysed is the going green programmes that practice by the hospitality industry as it contains most of the key areas. Furthermore, the literature reviews also analysing the views, theories arguments and perspectives of previous authors for assessment. The literature reviews also will finally perform as a source with which to analyse the differing perspectives on these key points identify gaps for argument and highlight key issues associated with going green programme in hospitality. 2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility Definitions and Concepts The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown considerably over the last decade due to an increasing number of companies formally recognising the impacts they have on the environment, on society and on the economy (Jones et.al, 2006). CSR issues are now being integrated into all aspects of business operations and explicit commitment to CSR is made in the visions, missions and value statements of an increasing number of companies all over the world (Ofori and Hinson, 2007). Definitions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have, however, remained an area of deliberation from the concepts very beginnings. A variety of definitions have been framed. The Commission of the European Communities (2001, p.6 ) defines CSR as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in the business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. CSR therefore, is not just fulfilling legal responsibilities but may also go beyond compliance to embrace wider social, environmental and economic goals (Commission of the European Communities, 2001). The concept of CSR is one which has emerged over the last 50 years to occupy a significant role in certain aspects of organisational theory and has only been in wide use since the 1960s (Meehan et al., 2006). CSR was eventually recognised as businesses that are part of society and have the potential to make a positive contribution to social goals (Jones et al., 2006). CSR therefore seems to be synonymous with charitable and voluntary acts by business organisations designed to improve social skills. Conversely, Donaldson and Preston (1995) believe that businesses are not responsible to society but responsible to their stakeholders and view CSR from this perspective. One of the more cited definitions of CSR is proposed by the World Bank (2003), which defines CSR as the responsibility of businesses to contribute to sustainable economic development-working with internal stakeholders, the local community, and society to improve the quality of life which is positive for business and development. The similarity among these different definitions of CSR is that companies should engage in CSR behaviour as part of their organisational strategy. Bevan et al. (2004) list nine potential benefits of CSR which include reduced operating costs; improved profitability and financial performance; enhanced capability to innovate; better risk and crisis management; long-term sustainability for companies and the workforce; improved staff commitment and involvement; good relations with government and society; enhanced reputation and brand value; and enhanced customer relationships and increased awareness of customer needs. 2.3 The Sustainability Development of the Hotel Industry International Tourism Partnership (2010) defines the term green in business as originally related to environmental issues; it has evolved to embrace all aspects of sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Sloan et al. (2009) define a sustainable hospitality operation as one which manages its resources in such a way that economic, social and environmental benefits are maximised in order to meet the need of the present generation while protecting and enhancing opportunities for future generations. Green Hotels Association (2010, p.2) provides a more resource-oriented definition of the Green Hotel: Green Hotels are environmentally-friendly properties whose managers are eager to institute programmes that save water, save energy and reduce solid waste, while saving money to help protect the earth. According to Green Hotels Association (2010), Green Hotels have gained a foothold in lodging operators contribution to societys concern for the environment which focuses on programmes which are designed to save water, save energy and reduce solid waste. Programme components such as towel rack hangers and sheet-changing cards have achieved positive responses by hotel management staff as well as guests for over ten years (Green Hotels Association, 2010). The UK hotel sector would appear to accept that it does have an impact on the environment (Brown, 1996). This is not only confirmed by exploratory research but also through the formation of the International Tourism Partnership (ITP). The ITP has published an environmental magazine, the Green Hotelier, whose readership cares about environmentally and socially responsible hotel behaviour as focused on positive sustainable travel and tourism development (International Tourism Partnership, 2010). According to research by the Carbon Trust (Green hotelier, 2010), rising energy prices and taxes are the biggest worries facing the British hospitality industry in 2010. This view is supported by Alexander and Kennedy (2002) who find that the most costly and wasteful use of resources in hotels are usually in the consumption of non-renewable energy, excessive water use, and the generation of waste Brown (1996) argues that however the general manger of a hotel would appear to be restricted in introducing environmental improvements in the hotel unless a cost saving or other tangible benefit is identified. This view is supported by Butler (2008) who finds that the hospitality industry has been waiting for increased consumer demand and lower costs before it fully embraced green operation. In part, the slow adoption of green building standards has followed the approach that most hotel guests did not think that being green was that important, particularly if recycling or other green activities increased room rates or was inconvenient (Butler, 2008). Without consumers demanding green hotels, the perception of greater cost for green hotel development was an obstacle to the industrys adoption. 2.3 Case study of Accor and Hilton Based on their total room number and location of their hotels, the tho hotel groups selected for case study were Accor Hotel Group (Europe) and Hyatt Corporation (USA), being in 2009 the top 10 hotel groups in UK (Caterersearch, 2010). Marriott International Corporate also is one of the top 10 hotel groups in UK. Company Number of hotels Number of rooms Number of hotels worldwide 1 Whitbread Hotel Company 577+ 40,000+ 580 2 InterContinental Hotels Group 248 34,955 4,200   3 Travelodge (Dubai  International Capital) 372 23,150 380+   4 Accor Hotels   138   19,996   4,000 5 Hilton Hotels Corporation 78   16,566 3,200   6 Best  Western   285   15,305   4,035   7 Wyndham Worldwide 122 12,274   7,000 8   Marriott Hotels   58   12,015   3,200   9 Carlson  Hotels Worldwide     50   9,718 1,030   10   The  Rezidor Hotel Group  Ã‚     42   7.759   380 Table 1: Top 10 Hotel Groups in the UK, 2009 by number of bedrooms. (Caterersearch, 2010) 2.3.1 Accor Group Hotels Accor currently manages 4,100 hotels under 13 different brands worldwide (Accor, 2010). Accors philosophy is based on hospitality and respect for diverse cultures, incorporating environmental best practices in all its operations (Accor, 2010). The goals of their Earth Guest programme, launched in 2006, are to reduce water and energy consumption, promote balanced nutrition and to double, in three years, the number of hotels that offer fair-trade products (Accor, 2010). The programme is divided into two parts which are a social responsibility development area (EGO) and an environmental responsibility development area (ECO) (Accor, 2010). EGO is includes programmes for local development, the protection of children, combating of epidemics and the promotion of healthy eating; and ECO is includes the reduction of water and energy consumption, and the improvement of waste sorting and recycling, as well as the preservation of biodiversity (Accor, 2008 and 2009). The Hoteliers Environmental Charter is Accors internal benchmarking tool and provides the local hotel managers with guidelines for environmentally sustainable business practices. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (2010), the Hoteliers Environmental Charter has been adopted by 88% of Accors 4,000 properties. The Charter gives hotel managers and employees clear instructions on how resources can be saved in the areas of energy, water and waste (Accor, 2008). The first and second point of Hoteliers Environmental Charter considers is energy and water (Accor, 2010). Compact fluorescent light bulbs are used in 82% hotels for areas that remain light 24 hours a day (Accor, 2010). Accor also continued to promote the use of renewable energy sources, installing solar-powered hot water systems in 32 hotels in 2009, with a total of 99 hotels now equipped worldwide (Accor, 2009). Accor is actively involved in water conservation measures and water consumption per occupied room was reduced by 4% between 2006 and 2009 (Accor, 2009). Moreover, flow-regulators have now been installed in showers and faucets in 89% of hotels (Accor, 2009). Accor actively promotes waste sorting and recycling as well as eco-designed products for instance, 51% of hotels recover paper, cardboard and glass (Accor, 2008). Accor has improved its performance in waste management by manage with a dedicated waste management module that monitor the amount of waste produced per room, the recovery rate and the cost of waste disposal (Accor, 2009). Waste Traceability mainly concerns the separation of waste, where the company already achieves a high score in France owing to its proactive information policy (Accor, 2008). According to Accor (2010), their hotel prefers eco-labelled suppliers. In 2002, Accor dispatched an environmental purchasing charter to its purchasing organisations as well as to over 2,000 preferred suppliers (Sloan et al., 2009). 2.3.2 Hilton Hotels Currently, Hilton Hotels Corporation has more than 3,200 hotels and 525,000 rooms in 77 countries. In 2009, Hilton is new global headquarters in McLean, Virginia which meets the highest environmental standard for his design, operation and construction. (Environmental Leader, 2009) http://www.environmentalleader.com/2009/08/11/hilton-kimpton-hotel-chains-go-for-the-green/ Besides that, the sustainability target that aims in coming 2014 by Hilton Hotels was announced. Those include: 20 per cent: Reducing energy consumption from direct operations; 20 per cent: Reducing CO2 emissions; 20 per cent: Reducing output of waste; 10 per cent: Reducing water consumption. Hilton has already begun to green its hotel operations. Through the introduction of carbon-free electricity at its facilities in the U.K. and Ireland, Hilton says it reduced CO2 emissions in participating Hilton hotels by more than 64,000 tons, or 56 percent of its carbon footprint. The company says it has also reduced its energy and water consumption 10 percent over the last two years. Hilton Hotels reported in May that it has delivered energy savings of more than 10 percent last year across more than 80 hotels in Europe. A 2007 survey conducted by the Association of Corporate Travel Executives and KDS revealed that only one-third of corporate travel policies promote sustainable tourism. While many travelers said they would prefer a green hotel, other factors such as price win out when theyre booking. 2.3.3 Summary Most major chains are looking for ways to integrate green into their hotels, and water and energy conservation are popular routes. Marriott International has set the goal of lowering GHG emissions 2.2 million pounds by 2010, says Ed Fuller, president and managing director of the company. Wolfgang Neuman of Hilton Hotels sees near-term moves toward eco-friendly air-conditioning, solar heating, and heat recovery systems to extract waste water from one system and use it in another. And by 2010, 200 of Accors hotels in France will have solar panels. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction In this dissertation, in order to obtain broad knowledge about environmental operating practise in the hotel industry, a wide range of secondary sources will be reviewed. In addition, research strategy adopted was to conduct multiple case studies in three top hotel companies in Europe and the USA. The main data collection techniques used in this research study was documentation analysis and content analysis. This chapter is divided into three sections. In the first, the interpretive stance in the field of information system is examined. The next section is about the construction of the secondary research design which deals with the research design and covers the reasons for selecting resources. Finally, section three describes the research approach followed in case study research. 3.2 Research Design Currently, secondary literatures have increase rapidly, particularly as new resources which are developed or ready through the internet (Saunders et al., 2009). In this research project, secondary research will allow the research to incorporate suitable and reliable data of green operation initiative in hospitality, so that all the gathered data can respond to the research questions relating to the green behaviour of hotel in Europe and the USA. Secondary research differs from primary research in the collection of the information is not the responsibility of the analyst. Stewart and Kamins (1993) point out that the analyst enters the picture after the data collection effort is over in secondary research. On the other hand, in primary research, the analyst is responsible for the design of the research, the collection of the data, and the analysis and summary of the information (Stewart and Kamins, 1993). Secondary data although, has lack of direct control of the date, type, and proced ure for collecting and recording of the data (Sauder et al, 2009), however, secondary data is more financial and time saving. For instance, secondary data particularly not necessary to wait for or pay to marketing researchers for a research project to collect primary data. By using secondary data, author can has more time and effort in analysing and interpreting the data, as it has already been collected. Secondary research moreover may increase the quality of the research by targeting the real dilemma and mistakes. Consultation on secondary resources increases the efficiency of the research by targeting real gaps and oversights in knowledge. Primary research therefore has not been used in this project due to the wide variety of secondary data has been found. Primary research methods such as, questionnaires or interviews will not provide relevant information for this topic. On this basis, it can be concluded that secondary research is the main source of information provided in this study including information from academic journals, books, corporate reports and internet. Nevertheless, author should analyse cautiously the information gathered to determine its validity and reliability. This is because the research only uses one kind of research models and the argument generated about research topic. 3.3 Sources of Data 3.3.1 Primary 3.3.2 Secondary Secondary research is the key resource of information incorporate in this dissertation; however, different secondary resources might have different type of information. A guideline for obtain valid and reliable information from different resources therefore, has been designed which can found in Table 4. Table 4 Type of information Resources that might have that information Established facts and figures Reference books; official publications; government web sites General information on a topic Books of collected articles; text books; web sites of relevant organisations Reviews of the literature on a topic Journal articles; books of collected articles Publications of recent research results Journal articles; proceedings of conferences Professional and academic debates Journal articles; web sites of relevant organisations; newspapers Table 4: The types of resources that provide different information. In order to justify the authors arguments and offer a range of information about the research topic, secondary resources such as academic journals, books, corporate report and the internet have been used. Academic journals have offered different views and theories of Corporate Social Responsible (CSR) concept and environmental operating practise in hospitality. Journals such as Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management and Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research illustrate some research studies that have been conducted concerning the green operation initiative in hotel industry. All the relevant information gathered from these journals will be analysed and used to evaluate the level of green behaviour of top hotel company. Journals however often assembled to research aims that differ from the current research; therefore, data and complex arguments has to be carefully evaluated, as well as understood and interpreted. The information in books is normally written in more well-organized and accessible way which will help to clarify the research questions and objectives. In this research, text book is rarely used due to insufficient related books in library about sustainability in hospitality. Sustainability